1. Beginning of Life Composition of early atmosphere
Methane, ammonia, hydrogen; no oxygen; no life
Miller/Urey Experiment
Sent electrical sparks through a mixture of gases present in early atmosphere
Created amino acids and sugars-molecules needed for life

2. StaphylococcusBacteria
Evolution of Life
Evolution of life forms
Pre-cells- molecules organized and surrounded by fats; molecules pass through fatty membrane
First living cells-Bacteria
Pre-cells take in energy and reproduce
StaphylococcusBacteria

3. Evolution of Life Heterotrophs Need energy from outside source
Autotrophs
Chlorophyll; use sun’s energy in
photosynthesis
Eukaryotes Evolve
Oxygen increases in atmosphere;
complex organisms evolve
Hallucigenia
Algae

4. Ozone Layer Forms Lightning converts O2 to O3 (15 miles above us)
Blocks UV light
Explosion of life

5. Classification for Humans
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Pongidae (Great Apes)
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
Homo sapian

6. The Primate Family Tree 2 Suborders of Primates
Prosimians : “Before monkeys”
Tree Dwelling Primates
Lemurs & Tarsiers
Retain claws, long snout
Found in Madagascar
Tarsier
Lemur

7. The Primate Family Tree 2 Suborders of Primates
Anthropoids
New World Monkeys (Capuchins, Howler’s)
Old World Monkeys (Macaques)
Humans & Apes (Gorillas, Orangutans)

8. Trends in Primate Evolution
Dexterity of Hands Opposable thumb for grasping
Upright Posture  Keeps hands free; plant harvesting
Vision  Stereoscopic; allows for Depth perception; food ID
Brain -> Large Brain; Used to obtain food; get mates
Infant Care Large investment = greater success
Teeth  Multiple Teeth types

10. Appearance of Homo Sapiens
Humans and Chimpanzee lineages split 6 million years ago

11. Proconsul Fossil- 18mya-6mya

12. Proconsul- 18mya-6mya

13. Australopithecus Afarensis “Lucy”
3-4.5 million years ago
A. afarensis walked on 2 feet (bipedalism)
Small Brain (like a chimp)
Likely vegetarians
More than 1 species of Australopithecines found.
Most species die out about 1-2 million years ago

14. Homo habilis 2 million years ago Slightly Larger Brain. Some speech
Simple Tools
Ate plants and butchered Animals

15. Homo erectus (upright)
1 million years ago
complex tools (hand ax)
Large brain (abstract thought; self consciousness)
Spreads around the world
Uses fire

16. Neanderthals (230,000-29,000 years ago)
Early group of Homo sapiens?
Found in Middle east, Africa, Asia
Social Hunters (cooperative groups of 30-40)
Stone Tools (points, borers)
Cared for sick, wounded, and dead
Capable of language

17. Homo sapians Early modern humans called Cro-Magnons
200,000 years ago to present
Hey, that’s me!

18. Other Hominid Fossils
Ar. ramadus
A. boisei
A. robustus

19. Characteristics of Humans
Bipedalism Walking on 2 feet
Shorter toes for standing upright
Enlarged Brain devoted toward complex speech
Smaller Pelvis than other hominids

20. How and When did our species supplant H. Erectus?
Multiregional v. Single Origin Theory

21. Comparisons Among Hominids
Hominid Pelvis
Shallow and rounded
Femurs tilt inward
Body weigh transferred down through knees
Bipedalism
Hominid Spine
Curved like an “S”
Thoracic cage flattened
Transmits weight to the legs
Balanced center of gravity
Hominid Brain
Enlarged
Areas devoted to complex speech and communication