1. DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY DEMOCRACY IS A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE SUPREME POWER IS HELD COMPLETELY BY THE PEOPLE UNDER A FREE ELECTORAL SYSTEM. DEMOCRACY IS A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE SUPREME POWER IS HELD COMPLETELY BY THE PEOPLE UNDER A FREE ELECTORAL SYSTEM. DEMOCRACY AND ITS REAL PRACTICES DEMOCRACY AND ITS REAL PRACTICES Islamic democracy Islamic democracy Known as Islamic democracy, two kinds of democratic states can be recognized in the Islamic countries. The basis of this distinction has to do with how comprehensively Islam is incorporated into the affairs of the state. Known as Islamic democracy, two kinds of democratic states can be recognized in the Islamic countries. The basis of this distinction has to do with how comprehensively Islam is incorporated into the affairs of the state. A democratic state which recognizes Islam as state religion, such as Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria or Bangladesh. Some religious values are incorporated into public life, but Islam is not the only source of law. A democratic state which recognizes Islam as state religion, such as Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria or Bangladesh. Some religious values are incorporated into public life, but Islam is not the only source of law. A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is also called as Islamic democracy. Islamic democracy offers more comprehensive inclusion of Islam into the affairs of the state. Islamic democracy is a highly controversial topic A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is also called as Islamic democracy. Islamic democracy offers more comprehensive inclusion of Islam into the affairs of the state. Islamic democracy is a highly controversial topic

2. Representative democracy Representative democracy Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives. Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives. The representatives form more than one independent ruling body (for an election period) charged with the responsibility of acting in the people's interest, but not as their proxy representatives; that is, not necessarily always according to their wishes, but with enough authority to exercise swift and resolute initiative in the face of changing circumstances. It is often contrasted with direct democracy, where representatives are absent or are limited in power as proxy representatives The representatives form more than one independent ruling body (for an election period) charged with the responsibility of acting in the people's interest, but not as their proxy representatives; that is, not necessarily always according to their wishes, but with enough authority to exercise swift and resolute initiative in the face of changing circumstances. It is often contrasted with direct democracy, where representatives are absent or are limited in power as proxy representatives

3. Illiberal democracy Illiberal democracy An illiberal democracy is a governing system in which although fairly free elections take place, citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of Civil liberties. This may be because a Constitution limiting government powers exists but its liberties are ignored, or to the simple absence of an adequate legal constitutional framework of liberties. An illiberal democracy is a governing system in which although fairly free elections take place, citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of Civil liberties. This may be because a Constitution limiting government powers exists but its liberties are ignored, or to the simple absence of an adequate legal constitutional framework of liberties.

4. Christian democracy Christian democracy Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy. It emerged in nineteenth-century Europe, and continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, though in a number of countries its Christian ethos has been diluted by secularization. Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy. It emerged in nineteenth-century Europe, and continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, though in a number of countries its Christian ethos has been diluted by secularization. In practice, Christian democracy is often considered right-leaning on moral and cultural issues and left leaning on labor and economic issues In practice, Christian democracy is often considered right-leaning on moral and cultural issues and left leaning on labor and economic issues

5. Soviet democracy Soviet democracy Soviet democracy or sometimes council democracy is a form of Democracy in which worker’s councils called "soviets", consisting of worker-elected delegates, form organs of power possessing both legislative and executive power. The soviets begin at the local level and onto a national parliament-like assembly. Soviet democracy or sometimes council democracy is a form of Democracy in which worker’s councils called "soviets", consisting of worker-elected delegates, form organs of power possessing both legislative and executive power. The soviets begin at the local level and onto a national parliament-like assembly.

6. Social democracy Social democracy Social democracy is a political ideology of the left or center-left that emerged in the late 19th century from the socialist movement and continues to be influential in many countries worldwide. Social democracy is a political ideology of the left or center-left that emerged in the late 19th century from the socialist movement and continues to be influential in many countries worldwide. The nature of social democracy has changed throughout the decades since its inception. Historically, social democratic parties advocated socialism in the strict sense, achieved by class struggle. The nature of social democracy has changed throughout the decades since its inception. Historically, social democratic parties advocated socialism in the strict sense, achieved by class struggle.

7. DEMOCRACY AND PAKISTAN The failure of democracy to take roots in Pakistan has often been equated with military dictatorship. While this is not entirely untrue, and Pakistan has indeed spent more than 1/3 of the years since Independence under martial law, the picture is not quite so simplistic. It has been argued in the past that a failure of parliamentary governance, and the corruption and incompetence of political leaders have meant that the democratic system lost all credibility in the eyes of the people and its place was taken by military rulers. This account however tends to ignore some of the complexities surrounding Pakistani politics. However, the failure of democracy in Pakistan cannot be blamed on the army alone. It must be studied in two distinct segments- first, it is necessary to analyze the conditions that allowed the military to come to power, and then, to see what factors allowed it to sustain itself and return to power repeatedly. The failure of democracy to take roots in Pakistan has often been equated with military dictatorship. While this is not entirely untrue, and Pakistan has indeed spent more than 1/3 of the years since Independence under martial law, the picture is not quite so simplistic. It has been argued in the past that a failure of parliamentary governance, and the corruption and incompetence of political leaders have meant that the democratic system lost all credibility in the eyes of the people and its place was taken by military rulers. This account however tends to ignore some of the complexities surrounding Pakistani politics. However, the failure of democracy in Pakistan cannot be blamed on the army alone. It must be studied in two distinct segments- first, it is necessary to analyze the conditions that allowed the military to come to power, and then, to see what factors allowed it to sustain itself and return to power repeatedly.failure of democracyPakistanmilitary dictatorship parliamentary governancefailure of democracyPakistanmilitary dictatorship parliamentary governance

8. GROWING POWER OF THE MILITARY- BUREAUCRATIC ELITE GROWING POWER OF THE MILITARY- BUREAUCRATIC ELITE CENTRE-PROVINCE DICHOTOMY CENTRE-PROVINCE DICHOTOMY The tensions between the center and the provinces can be seen as a significant player in upsetting the political rhythm of the new state. The center proceeded to extract resources from the provinces in order to divert them into defense procurements The tensions between the center and the provinces can be seen as a significant player in upsetting the political rhythm of the new state. The center proceeded to extract resources from the provinces in order to divert them into defense procurements ECONOMIC ISSUES ECONOMIC ISSUES There were also huge economic imbalances as well and as for any leader to establish himself, he would have to tackle these, and not just through IMF/World Bank loans, but more profound economic adjustments There were also huge economic imbalances as well and as for any leader to establish himself, he would have to tackle these, and not just through IMF/World Bank loans, but more profound economic adjustmentsIMF/World Bank loansIMF/World Bank loans

9. Causes of failure of Democracy Failure of Democracy Failure of Democracy The very fact that no elected government in Pakistan has completed its full term in these 60 years proves the gross failure of Democracy as an idea in Pakistan. The very fact that no elected government in Pakistan has completed its full term in these 60 years proves the gross failure of Democracy as an idea in Pakistan. The very fact that for over 40 years the country has been under military rule The very fact that for over 40 years the country has been under military rule

10. Failure of the idea of a state Failure of the idea of a state The first great failure of the idea of the state of Pakistan occurred in 1971. The till then East Pakistan revolted against the very idea of Pakistan and emerged as an independent nation called Bangladesh. The first great failure of the idea of the state of Pakistan occurred in 1971. The till then East Pakistan revolted against the very idea of Pakistan and emerged as an independent nation called Bangladesh. Failure of Religion Failure of Religion Religion as an idea has failed in keeping Pakistan together as a nation. The separation of Bangladesh was the first failure But a bigger threat lies on Pakistan today, in the form of the possible separation of Baluchistan. The Baluchis are not happy with the state of Pakistan and want a separate nation for Baluchistan. Religion as an idea has failed in keeping Pakistan together as a nation. The separation of Bangladesh was the first failure But a bigger threat lies on Pakistan today, in the form of the possible separation of Baluchistan. The Baluchis are not happy with the state of Pakistan and want a separate nation for Baluchistan. Baluchistan Some even feel that the division of Pakistan is the only way to root out terrorism. Some even feel that the division of Pakistan is the only way to root out terrorism.division of Pakistandivision of Pakistan