1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART OF EFFERENT DIVISION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. ANATOMY OF THE ANS PRESYMPATHETIC NEURON -- CELL BODY IN CNS POSTSYMPATHETIC NEURON --CELL BODY IN PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC PLEXUS

3. PARASYMPATHETIC VS SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

4. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

5. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION LOCATED IN LATERAL HORNS IN GRAY MATTER T-1 TO L-2 THORACOLUMBAR LEAVES SPINAL CORD THROUGH VENTRAL ROOMS ENTER VENTRAL RAMI OF SPINAL NERVES ENTER SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS

6. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM RAMI COMMUNICANTES –WHITE –GRAY

7. SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA PARAVERTERBRAL GANGLIA SYMPATHETIC TRUNK WHITE RAMI COMMUNICANTES –MYELINATED –CARRY IMPULSES FROM SPINAL NERVE TO CHAIN GANGLIA GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES

8. FATE OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS UPON ENTERING SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA

9. MAY SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC IN SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA AT THE SAME LEVEL RETURN TO SPINAL NERVE TO INNERVATE EFFECTORS. GRAY RAMI COMMUNICANTES ARE FORMED BY UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS AS THEY PASS FROM CHANIN GANGLIA TO SPINAL NERVES

10. MAY TRAVEL UP OR DOWN WITHIN SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS BEFORE SYNAPSING WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS THAT SUPPLY EFFECTORS IN SKIN, HEAD, OR THORAX

11. MAY PASS THROUGH SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA WITHOUT SYNAPSING AND SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN COLLATERA GANGLIA SUPPLY VISCERA OF ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

12. PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

13. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES LOCATED IN BRAIN NUCLEI OR IN LATERAL PORTIONS OF GRAY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD (S-2 THROUGH S-4) FIBERS DO NOT TRAVEL THROUGH RAMI OF SPINAL NERVE DO NOT INNERVATE SWEAT GLANDS, ARRECTOR PILI, AND CUTANEOUS BLOOD VESSEL MOST BLOOD VESSELS ARE NOT INNERVATED BY PARASYMPATHETIC

14. PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS IN CRANIAL NERVES III,VII,IX AND X SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLIA NEAR STRUCTURES INNERVATED

15. SACRAL PREGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC AXONS LEAVE VENTRAL ROOTS OF SPINAL NERVES FORM A PELVIC NERVE THAT SUPPLIES VISCERA OF PELVIC CAVITY

16. ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DIVISIONS LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES FIBER LENGTH

17. LOCATION OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURON CELL BODIES SYMPATHETIC --- LATERAL HORNS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM T-1 TO L-2 PARASYMPATHETIC --- BRAIN STEM AND LATERAL HRONS OF SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER FROM S-1 THROUGH S-4

18. FIBER LENGTH SHORT SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-LONG SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS LONG PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC AXONS-SHORT PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS

19. NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EPINEPHRINE VS NOREPINEPHRINE

20. SITES FOR RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS ALL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN ANS ALL PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS INNERVATING SWEAT GLANDS

21. SITES FOR RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MOST SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ADRENAL MEDULLA

22. RECEPTORS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CHOLINERGIC NICOTINIC MUSCARINIC ANDRENERGIC ALPHA 1 ALPHA 2 BETA 1 BETA 2

23. NICOTINIC RECEPTORS NICOTINE MIMICS EFFECTS PRESENT ON POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN GANGLI OF THE ANS ALSO ON SKELETAL MUSCLE AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM--IN AUTONOMIC GANGLIA BLOCKED BY CURARE--AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

24. MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS MUSCARINE MIMICS EFFECTS ON EFFECTORS SUPPLIED BY PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC RECEPTORS G PROTEIN LINKED RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY ATROPINE

25. ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS ALPHA BETA ALL ARE G LINKED RECEPTORS NON CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS

26. NOREPINEPHRINE BINDS WITH –ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 2 --WEAKLY IF AT ALL

27. EPINEPHRINE BINDS EFFECTIVELY WITH –ALPHA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –ALPHA 2 -- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 1-- EFFECTIVELY –BETA 2 --EFFECTIVELY

28. ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS MOST COMMON ALPHA RECEPTOR ACTIVATES G PROTEINS G PROTEINS ACTIVATE ENZYMES

29. ALPHA 2 RECEPTORS LESS COMMON THAN ALPHA 1 ACTIVATES INHIBITORY G PROTEINS REDUCE THE FORMATION OF cyclic AMP

30. BETA 1 RECEPTORS HEART AND KIDNEYS ACTIVATES G PROTEINS STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF cyclic AMP

31. BETA 2 RECEPTOR MOST COMMON BETA RECEPTOR ACTIVATES STIMULATORY G PROTEINS

32. IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT RECEPTORS AT LEAST PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFENCE IN ACTIVITY OF EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE

33. FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DUAL INNERVATION FREQUENTLY (BUT NOT ALWAYS) HAVE OPPOSITE ACTIONS MOSTS ORGANS ARE PREDOMINANTLY CONTROLLED BY ONE DIVISION OR THE OTHER

34. PARASYMPATHETIC HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS MAINTAINING BODY FUNCTIONS UNDER CALM CONDITIONS INDIVIDUAL ACTIVATION OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS

35. SYMPATHETIC FIGHT OR FLIGHT HANDLES EMERGENCIES WIDESPREAD ACTIVATION

36. EXAMPLES OF ORGANS INNERVATED BY ANS HEART BRONCHIOLES BRONCHIAL GLANDS IRIS OF EYE CILIARY MUSCLE SWEAT GLANDS URINARY BLADDER BLOOD VESSELS

37. HEART SYMPATHETIC INCREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION PARASYMPATHETIC DECREASE RATE OF CONTRACTION

38. BRONCHIOLES SYMPATHETIC DILATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION

39. BRONCHIAL GLANDS SYMPATHETIC POSSIBLE INHIBITION OF SECERETION PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION

40. IRIS OF EYE SYMPATHETIC DILATION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF RADIAL MUSCLES PARASYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION OF PUPIL CONTRACTION OF CIRCULAR MUSCLES

41. CILIARY MUSCLE SYMPATHETIC SLIGHT RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION ACCOMODATES FOR NEAR VISION

42. URINARY BLADDER SYMPATHETIC RELAXATION PARASYMPATHETIC CONTRACTION

43. BLOOD VESSELS SYMPATHETIC CONSTRICTION SKIN SALIVARY GLANDS ABDOMINAL VISCERA EXTERNAL GENITALIA PARASYMPATHETIC EXTERNAL GENITALIA

44. ADRENAL MEDULLA SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT

45. LIVER SYMPATHETIC INCREASED RELEASE OF GLUCOSE PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT

46. SWEAT GLANDS SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF SECRETION PARASYMPATHETIC NO EFFECT

47. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSORY INPUTS ACTIVITIES OF ANS ARE MOTOR ONLY NEED INPUT FROM SENSORY SYSTEM TO MONITOR BODY FUNCTIONS AS A WHOLE AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANS ENTEROCEPTIVE RECEPTORS BELOW CONSCIOUS LEVEL

48. CONTROL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM GENERALLY BELOW OUR CONSCIOUS CONTROL UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS POSSIBLE –DUE TO CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ANS AND CNS –PRIMARILY IN BRAIN STEM AND SPINAL CORD

49. BIOFEEDBACK MECHANISMS EXERCISES MODIFY BODY FUNCTIONS VISUALIZATION RECITATION

50. MEDITATION AND THE ANS YOGA MEDITATION BREATHING THERAPY INHIBITS SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

51. DRUGS AND THE ANS MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE

52. MEDICINAL DRUGS SYMPATHOMIMETIC SYMPATHOLYTIC PARA

53. SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ANDRENERGIC DRUGS THAT STIMULATE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM EITHER NATURAL OR MAN MADE EPINEPRINE EPINEPHRINE ISOPROTERENOL DOPAMINE EPHEDRINE TERBUTALINE PHENYLEPHRINE

54. EPINEPHRINE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK ASTHMA BRONCHOSPASM

55. NOREPINEPHRINE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS ELEVATE BLOOD PRESSURE IN HYPOTENSION ADMINISTERED INTROVENOUSLY LIMITED USES DUE TO SIDE EFFECTS

56. ISOPROTERENOL LIMITED USE DUE TO POOR ABSORPTION IN GI TRACT ADMINISTERED SUBLINGUALLY OR AS NASAL SPRAY FOR SOME CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS

57. DOPAMIME PRECURSOR FOR NOREPINEPHRINE LOW DOSAGES ACTIVATES BETA RECEPTORS HIGHER DOSAGES ACTIVATES ALPHA RECEPTORS USED FOR HYPOTENSION AND RESISTANT CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

58. EPHEDRINE, TERBUTALINE, AND PHENYLEPHRINE EPHEDRINE –SIMILAR TO EPINEPHRINE –SLOWER TO BEGIN WORKING –LAST LONGER TERBUTALINE –BETA RECEPTOR –LITTLE CARDIAC STIMULATION PHENYLEPHRINE –CAUSES NASAL CONSTRICTION –USED IN COLD MEDICATIONS

59. SYMPATHOLYTIC ANDRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS REDUCE OR BLOCK EFFECTS OF SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS BETA BLOCKING AGENTS

60. ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS LIMITED USES MEDICALLY –RAYNAUD’S DISEASE –AFTER FROSTBITE –ATERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS VASODILATOR TALOZOLINE PHENTOLAMINE

61. BETA BLOCKING AGENT PRODUCES EFFECTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM REDUCE HEART RATE REDUCE MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION REDUCED STROKE VOLUME REDUCES CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE OVER LONG HAUL PROPANOLOL

62. PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC CHOLINERGIC DRUGS VASODILATES PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS CHOINE ESTERS CHOLINERGIC ALKALOIDS ANTICHOLINESTERASES

63. CHOLINE ESTERS BETHANECHOL INCREASES MOTILITY OF BOWEL AND BLADDER

64. CHOLINERGIC ESTERS PILOCARPINE CONSTRICTS PUPIL IN TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA

65. ANTICHOLINESTERASES PHYSOSTIGIMINE –REVERSES EFFECTS OF ATROPINE POISONING EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE –MYASTHENIA GRAVIS DIAGNOSIS BLOCK ENZYME PROLONG ACTION OF AC h

66. PARASYMPATHOLYTIC DRUGS ATROPINE –PLANT ALKALOID (NIGHTSHADE) –PUPIL DILATION –FAST HEART RATE –REDUCES SECRETION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS –RELAXES SMOOTH MUSCLE ANTICHOLINERGIC OPPOSES ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE