1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. End of Reconstruction

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Explain why support for Reconstruction declined. Describe how African Americans in the South lost many newly gained rights. Describe the sharecropping system and how it trapped many in a cycle of poverty. Identify the signs that the South began to develop a strong economy by the 1880s. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. poll tax – a personal tax to be paid before voting literacy test – a test to see if a person can read and write grandfather clause – a provision that allowed a voter to avoid a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867 Terms and People

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Homer Plessy – an African American man arrested for sitting in a coach marked “for whites only” sharecropper – a laborer who works the land for the farmer who owns it in exchange for a share of the value of the crop segregation – enforced separation of races Terms and People (continued)

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. What were the effects of Reconstruction? The reforms of the Reconstruction era did not last. By the end of the era, African Americans were subjected to new hardships and injustices.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Americans began to forget the war and focused on bettering their own lives. President Grant’s administration included corrupt, poorly chosen individuals. After the Civil War, many northerners lost faith in the Republicans for these reasons:

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Reconstruction was the central issue in the presidential election of 1876. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes wanted to continue Reconstruction. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden wanted to end Reconstruction.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The election was close. It came down to 20 disputed electoral votes.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Congress appointed a 15-person commission, mostly Republicans, to settle the election results. In return, Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction. The commission decided to give Hayes, the Republican, all 20 electoral votes.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. With Reconstruction over, African Americans began to lose their rights in the South. Southern whites passed laws to keep African Americans from voting. One law required voters to pay a poll tax. This kept many poor freedmen from voting. Another law required voters to pass a literacy test. It included a grandfather clause that allowed illiterate whites to vote.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Southern states also created laws requiring segregation, known as Jim Crow laws. White Black Hospitals Cemeteries Playgrounds Restaurants Schools Streetcars Hospitals Cemeteries Playgrounds Restaurants Schools Streetcars

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld segregation laws. This rule remained in effect until the 1950s. Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a coach marked “for whites only.” The Court ruled that a law could require “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many poor African Americans were forced to become sharecroppers because of their poor treatment in the South.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Landowners gave land, seed, and tools in exchange for a share of the crop. The tenant bought other supplies on credit. Landowners sold the crop. The tenant got a share, minus what he owed for supplies. Most sharecroppers owed more than they earned. Sharecropping only continued the cycle of poverty.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Sharecropping was common in the South.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. While African Americans struggled, the rest of the South’s economy began to gradually recover. Southern leaders spoke of a “New South” that would no longer depend only on cotton. The cotton, tobacco, and textile industries thrived. Factories developed iron, timber, and oil.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Laws passed during this time became the basis of the civil rights movement 100 years later. African Americans were finally citizens, but they were far from enjoying full equality. Reconstruction had many successes but also some failures. The southern economy began to recover. The morale of white southerners also began to improve.