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Unit 1 Segregation and Discrimination
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Voting Restrictions : Literacy requirement - Some states required voters to be literate and administered a literacy test. Blacks were given more difficult tests or given the test in a foreign language Poll tax – annual tax that had to be paid in order to gain access to the voting booth. Black and white share croppers couldn’t afford this Grandfather Clause – even if a man failed literacy test or couldn’t pay poll tax, he could still vote if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867 This date was important – before that time slaves didn’t have the right to vote. The grandfather clause excluded African Americans.
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Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws - laws passed in the Southern states by state and local gov’t Separated white and black people in public and private facilities Segregation – was the word used to describe this system of separating people based on race Racial segregation developed in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South
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Plessy v. Ferguson Homer A. Plessy, who was classified African American because he was 1/8 black,was denied a seat in a railroad car that was reserved for white passengers. He challenged segregation laws in court and said he was denied his rights under the Constitution. The railroad argued that the separate facilities for black people were just as good as the ones for whites. The Court’s Decision : Separation of the races in public accommodations did not violate the 14 th amendment Established the doctrine “separate but equal” The decision permitted legalized racial segregation for almost 60 years
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Race Relations Racial etiquette - Informal rules and customs that discriminated against African Americans Examples of racial etiquette Blacks and whites never shook hands Blacks had to yield the sidewalk to white pedestrians Black men always had to remove their hats for whites Violence African Americans who did not follow these rules were severely punished or killed Between 1880’s – 1890’s more than 1400 African American men and women were shot, burned, or hanged without trial in the south
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Discrimination in the North MMany African Americans migrated North in search of social equality and better jobs FFound the same discrimination as in the South. African Americans were: FForced into segregated neighborhoods PPrevented from moving into white neighborhoods by local residents and realtors DDenied membership in Labor unions OOnly hired by employers as a last resort FFired before white employees CCompetition between working class whites and African Americans became violent NNew York City Race Riot of 1900
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Discrimination in the West Mexican workers were hired by the railroad managers to construct rail lines in AZ, CA, NM, and NV They were forced to work for less money Also a major source for agricultural labor in the Southwest Debt peonage – system of involuntary servitude in which a laborer is forced to work of a debt Continued until 1911 when Congress declared it a violation of the 13 th amendment
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Excluding the Chinese CChinese population went from 7,000 to 100,000 and they formed a major part of the workforce TTranscontinental railroad MMade up: more than ½ of all shoemakers 44/5 of all cigar makers 11/3 of all woolen-mill operators
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WWhites feared losing out in job competion with them. As a result: CChinese were pushed into segregated schools and neighborhoods SStrong anti-Chinese immigration movement began CChinese Exclusion Act of 1882 pprohibited all further immigration of Chinese to the US SSuspended naturalization for Chinese who were already present in the US
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