1. Passive components and circuits - CCP
Lecture 8

2. Content Passive electronic components – role
Passive electronic components – resistors
Electrical properties
Clasification
Parameters
Marking
Codification

3. Passive electronic components - role

4. Passive components - dynamics

5. Passive components/Active components

6. Resistor – history and tendencies
1827 first resistor
1976 first integrated resistors
General tendencies of evolution:
Performances increases
Dimensions decreases
Costs decreases

7. Resistor – electrical properties
The basic relation for resistance calculus is:
Write the values of the resistivities for the main materials used in electronics.

8. Resistor – equivalent electric scheme
Due to the constructive particularities, each resistor has a parasitic inductance and a parasitic capacitance besides the useful resistance.
Parasitic parameters must be taken into consideration at high frequencies.

9. Problems
For the resistive voltage divider, determine the dividing factor if:
R1=1 K; R2=100 
R1=100 K; R2=10 K 
R1=100 K; R2=1 K 
How is the dividing factor modified with the frequency, if each resistor has a parasitic capacitance equal with 2 pF?

10. Clasifications – constructiv criterion
Discrete
Fixed
Variable
Integrated
Resistors arrays
Resistor networks
Embedded (included in the structure)
In the PCB level
In the ceramic sublayer (multicip modules – MCM)
In silicium with thin film technology
In the integrated circuits

11. Discrete resistors
Fixed
Variable

12. Integrated resistors
Networks
Areas

13. Embedded resistors Decrease of the total cost of manufacturing
Thermodynamic reliability
Decrease of the dimensions
Compatibility between different materials
Values between 10 and 200K with tolerances under 10%.

14. Clasification – liniarity criterion
Linear
Non-linear
Thermistors
Varistors
Fotoresistors

15. Clasification – technological criterion
Pelicular resistors – are obtained by depositing a resistiv material (aglomerated charbon, christalin charbon,metalic alloys, metalic oxids) into a thin layer (under 10m) on an isolator support.
Reeled (wired) resistors – are obtained wiring a metalic conductor on an isolator support. The technology is used for obtaining either precision resistors or high-power resistors.
Volume resistors – the resistiv element represents the whole body of the resistor.

16. Clasification – geometric criterion
It concernes, in general, the way in which terminals are connected to the body of the resistor:
With surface mounted terminals (SMD);
With axial terminals;
With radial terminals;

17. Parameters of fixed resistors
Parameters that must be written on the body of the resistor
The nominal resistance
Nominal tolerance value
Parameters written only on certain resistors
The nominal dissipated power
The temperature coeficient
The superior limit voltage
Parameters that are not written (the nominal values’ domain, the nominal domain of temperature, the noise factor)

18. Series of normalised values
In practice, resistors are not manufactured with nominal resistances in a continuous range of values.
The solution used is that of a serie of normalised values. Each serie is characterised by a certain tolerance.
The nominal values of resistances are obtained from the values of the normalised serie by multiplication with powers of 10.
A certain serie covers almost all the domain of possible values for resistances, taking into account that between two succesiv values of the serie the following relation holds :

19. Series of normalised values
The number of values in a series results, depending on tolerance, solving the equation on the right and taking the first superior integer for n.
The nominal values of a series are in a geometrical progression given by the following relation:

20. Series of normalized values
The main normalized series are the following:
E6(20%); E12(10%); E24(5%);
E48(2%); E96(1%); E192(0,5%);
Values of the first three normalized series:

21. Choosing resistors depending on the tolerance
In choosing resistors for an application an important factor is their tolerance.
The variation of functions of a circuit with respect to the tolerances of the components is called sensitivity.

22. Nominal power, Pn
Represents the maximum power that can be dissipated on a resistor in a regime of prolonged functioning at a temperature equal to the nominal temperature Tn, without it modifying its parameters.
This parameter is written only for resistors with nominal power higher than 2W.
For this parameter there are 24 standardized values:
0,05W; 0,1W; 0,125W; 0,25W; 0,5W; 1W; 2W; 3W; 4W; W; 16W; W

23. Low power resistors
For low power resistors (under 2W) the nominal power can be deducted from the dimensions of the resistor.

24. Temperature coefficient
Apeares written on the body of the resistor only in case of precision resistors.
The parameter is defined as follows:
For most resistors this parameter can be considered constant.

25. The superior limit voltage, Vn
Apares written in the case of resistors designed for functioning at very high voltages .
For a usual resistor it can be deduced as follows:
For high value resistors, Vn can be limited under the previous value by reasons concerning the dielectrics breakdown.

26. The noise factor, F
Represents the value of the noise voltage that appears on the resistor when applying a 1V continuous voltage.
The noise voltage appears due to the disordered movement of the charge carriers in the conductor.

27. Marking the resistors
Marking refers to the way in which the information written on the resistors is codified.
Marking in the code of letters and figures
Marking in the colors’ code

28. Marking with the code of letters and figures
Marking the nominal value is made using figures and letters as multipiliers. The letter marks the presence of the decimal dot in the nominal value.
Multipliers: R=1; K=1.000 (kilo); M= (mega); G= (giga)
For tolerance marking one can use either the marking in clear (5%, 1%, etc.) or the letter codified one.
B0,1%; C0,25%; D0,5%; F1%; G2%; H2,5%; J5%; K10%; M20%

29. Marking with the code of letters and numbers
To avoid confusions between letters which have the significance of both separator and tolerance, the ones that signify tolerance are written separately from the nominal value code (possibly on another line).
Value 2700, tolerance 5%
Value 330K, tolerance 20%
Value 0,33, tolerance 10%
The marking of the power and the temperature coefficient is made in clear for resistors for which is required to display these parameters.

30. Marking with the code of letters and numbers for SMD resistors
For SMD resistors, with very low dimensions, the following code is used.(cod EIA-96).

31. Marking with the code of colors
This type of codified marking, although more difficult to read, has the advantage that the writing is visible on the body of the resistor regardless of its position on the board.
The reading of the code is made starting with the colored ring that is the closest to a terminal or with the group of colored rings.
For resistors with nominal values from the series E6, E12, E24 and E48 the code has only four colored rings.
For resistors with nominal values from the series E96, E192 and with smaller tolerance, the code has five colored rings.

32. Marking resistors – colors’ code

33. Remarks
Some colors have no significance for tolerance (orange, yellow and white).
In the case of the code with four rings, the only possible colors for tolerance are red (2%), gold (5%) or silver (10%).
The lack of the colored ring for tolerance means the tolerance is 20%. Therefore, in this case the code will have only three colored rings.
Brown, black, red +gold =10•100 5%=1K 5%

34. Codification of resistors
Gives the information by which the resistors are described in catalogs and therefore, also, in the lists of materials that are made. For resistors produced in Romania, the code has the following structure:
Field I – contains three letters indicating the technological type;
Field II – contains a figure with significance concerning the type of capsule (the way the terminals are connected to the body);
Field III – contains three figures indicating the nominal power;
Field IV – contains a letter signifying the constructive variant;
In the material lists these codes are completed with the information written on the resistor (nominal value and tolerance).

35. Codification of resistors – examples
General usage resistor with carbon film (coat) (RCG), with axial terminals (1), nominal power of 1W (100), reliable variant (L), 5,1K, tolerance 5% (J).
Resistor with metallic film (coat) (RPM), with radial terminals (3), nominal power 0,5W (050), reliable variant (L), 1K, tolerance 1%.

36. Codification of resistors – examples for SMD resistors

37. Codification of resistors
In general, in the electric schemes, next to the symbol of a resistor appears only its reference (R1, R205, etc.) and its nominal value (1K, 3K3, etc.). The power and the tolerance are mentioned only for components that have values different from the others.
This information regarding the codification appears on the equipment schemes as well (assembling plans).

38. Problems
For a 100  resistor, the tolerance is t=±0,1% at a reference temperature T0=20 oC. The resistor has a temperature coefficient T=±20ppm/oC. The environmental temperature is between [-30 oC; +90 oC].
Considering that, due to the dissipated power, the resistor body is heated with 50 oC, which is the global tolerance of the resistor?

39. Problems
The resistor body temperature is modified based on the following relation:
where TA is environment temperature, and P is the dissipated power. On the resistor is applied a voltage with the waveform presented in the figure bellow. How can be the maximum amplitude of the pulses in order to have the global tolerance lower than tG=±0,3%?

40. Problems
How is the maximum temperature of environment if the voltage applied on the resistor is sinusoidal with 7V amplitude, and the global tolerance is lower than tG=±0,3%?

41. Dividing factor for R1=1 K şi R2=100 

42. Dividing factor for R1=100 K şi R2=10 K

43. Dividing factor for R1=100 K şi R2=1 K