1. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics “… study of naturally occuring, large-scale flows on earth and elsewhere …” Definition Large-Scale: Time Scale of Motion > Rotational Period

2. Condensation cloud as an F/A-18 Hornet flies at or near the speed of sound. Photo by John Gay L~10-m

3. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics on Jupiter NASA L L~10,000-kmU~100-m/sL/U~27-days

4. Jet-on-Earth:L/U ~ 10/300 s = 33-ms Wave-on-Jupiter:L/U ~ 10 7 /100 s = 27-days Compare time scale to the rate of rotation  ? Earth:  ~ 2  / (24 hrs) Jupiter:  ~ 2  / (10 hrs) Rossby Number Ro=(U/L)/  >>1 for Jet-on-Earth <<1 for Wave-on-Jupiter {

5. “ Katrina ” Aug.-2005 L~1000-kmU~30 m/sL/U~9-hrsRo~0.4

6. Sea Surface Temperature Gulf Stream Eddies 1997

7. Arctic Sea Ice off Alaska Summer 2001 from MODIS Optical Remote Sensing

8. Mixing without rotation Mixing with rotation http://paoc.mit.edu/labweb/GFDlab.htm

9. The waves have a period of about 3 or 4 days and a wavelength of 2000 to 2500 km [1200 to 1500 mi], typically (Burpee 1974).(Burpee 1974) High Pressure

11. Atmospheric Jet StreamAtmospheric Jet Stream : http://squall.sfsu.edu/scripts/nhemjetstream_model.html 1 Jetstream passing north of the UK bringing settled, dry and warm weather 2 Jetstream passing further south, causing weather that is unsettled and cool for the time of year

12. x y y z National Weather Service Planetary “ Rossby ” Wave Dynamics