1. Earth’s Circulation Atmospheric Circulation Ocean Circulation

2. Circulation is the way Earth moves ocean water and atmosphere

3. General Circulation of the Atmosphere: start with surface winds

4. Surface Winds: Follow Pressures Flow high to low Coriolis Friction

5. First step – naming winds

6. Trade Winds Flow to the Intertropical Convergence Zone Hadley Cells Touch at ITCZ Rising air over Doldrums Fed by Easterly Trade Winds

7. Trade Winds Carry Dust Mali Dust Plume blowing from the east

8. Classroom Resource Watch trade winds flow from east to west, Different visuals of flow of moisture

9. Your tropical vacation and the trade winds

10. ITCZ: Rain Maker

11. Lion King: Rain Came from ITCZ movement, following the sun

12. Classroom Resources Watch ITCZ move north and south Sahel: at the margin of the ITCZ, so some years lots some little

13. Descending air

14. A big cause of deserts is descending air, right under subtropical high

15. Subtropical High Pressures are “centered” in oceans

17. Classroom Resource Watch westerly winds flow from west to east Different visuals of flow of moisture

18. Polar Front: zone of storms from convergence of westerly winds and polar easterly winds

19. Polar Easterlies -Flowing from Polar High to Polar Front (low)

20. Air descends

21. Prof. Cerveny’s Study Guide

22. Now – add the vertical in 3D

23. Continents break up the high pressures and make reality look more like circulation cells

24. 3D cross section tells the story: rain – rising air dry – descending air

25. “center” of the precipitation peaks are the belts of low pressure: ITCZ and the 2 polar fronts

27. Jet Streams direct our storms

28. Different Patterns

29. For Arizona to get winter rains, needs: Winter time for jet stream to shift south

30. For Arizona to get winter rains, needs: Meriodional pattern The “trough” to be over Az

31. Polar Jet separates cold/warm

32. Cold outbreaks in East when jet moves in cold air

33. Ocean Circulation around Gyres

34. warm currents transport energy

35. Surplus in Tropics moved to higher latitudes by warm currents

36. Larger Picture

37. Classroom Resources Gulf Stream 3D perspective

38. What would happen if Gulf Stream slowed or didn’t go far enough? Gulf stream & North Atlantic Drift Classroom Resource

39. It happened in Younger Dryas

40. “The Day After”: decades not days Classroom Resource

41. Cold Currents: Upwelling & Rich Nutrients result in Marine Resources

42. Classroom Resources Movie with labels Focus on Peru to introduce El Nino

43. Classroom Resources

44. “Normal” or more typical (La Nina is the more normal state) Trade winds push warm water & storms to East Pacific ENSO: El Nino Southern Oscillation

45. Part of the “Walker Cell” Trade winds and warm water supplies energy (storms) to Northern Australia and Indonesia, while Peru is dry from descending air

46. ENSO: El Nino Southern Oscillation Upwelling ceases Marine food chain collapse Trade winds decrease warmth & storms move eastward against South America

47. A Flip-flop across the South Pacific (pressures oscillate)

48. On Average 7 yrs apart ENSO- red

49. In review:

51. Online Resources El Nino/La Nina Visualizations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/elnin o_lanina.html Oceanography Animations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/ocea nography.html Ocean Upwelling and Circulation http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/circul ation_upwellings.html Ocean Surface Currents http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/surfa cecurrents.html

52. Circulation is the way Earth moves ocean water and atmosphere

53. Imagery seen in this presentation is courtesy of Ron Dorn and other ASU colleagues, students and colleagues in other academic departments, individual illustrations in scholarly journals such as Science and Nature, scholarly societies such as the Association of American Geographers, city,state governments, other countries government websites and U.S. government agencies such as NASA, USGS, NRCS, Library of Congress, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USAID and NOAA.