1. GEOGRAPHY AND THE CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT RAJU J DAS

2. LECTURE OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC VIEW III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT IV. CONCLUSIONS V. QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT

3. I. INTRODUCTION 1. CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENT A. DEVELOPMENT AND POWER B. THEORETICAL

5. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS 1. LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

6. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) A. TRANSFORMATION OF NATURE [NATURE, TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY]

10. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) B. B. TRANSFORMATION OF SPACE

14. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) 2. PER CAPITA GNP A. GREATER AMOUNT AND HIGHER GROWTH

15. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) B. CONNECTED TO INDUSTRIALIZATION [% LABOR FORCE IN INDUSTRY OR NON- AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES]

19. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) C. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF ‘DEVELOPMENT’

25. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) D. PROBLEMS – –INTRA-NATION SOCIO-SPATIAL INEQUALITIES – –NON-MARKET PRODUCTION (‘BARBER ECONOMY’) – –GENDER-BLINDNESS (‘COWDUNG’ ECONOMY)

27. II. DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC ASPECTS (CONTD.) – –WHAT IS MONEY FOR? Aristotle: ‘wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else’ Amartya Sen: ‘If we have reasons to want wealth, we have to ask: what precisely are these reasons…’

30. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: DEVELOPMENT AS HUMAN FREEDOM 1. DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE ABOUT PROMOTING FREEDOM A. INCOME-APPROACH IMPORTANT BUT NOT SUFFICIENT

32. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) B. EXAMPLES OF FREEDOMS C. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM HAS TWO ASPECTS D. WHAT DOES FREEDOM ‘DO’?

33. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) E. SOCIAL/HUMAN DEVELOPMENT --CALORIE INTAKE

35. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) --LIFE EXPECTANCY --LITERACY --COMPOSITE INDEX (HDI) --GDI

38. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) 2. SOME DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM [ASPECTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT] HAS BEEN ACHIEVED A. INTERNATIONALLY

41. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) B. LOCALLY, IN MANY COUNTRIES [E.G. KERALA, INDIA)

42. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) 3. 3. BUT MANY PEOPLE SUFFER FROM A VARIETY OF UNFREEDOMS

44. III. ALTERNATIVE VIEW: (CONTD.) 4. LACK OF DEVELOPMENT-AS- FREEDOM IS NOT JUST A THIRD WORLD MATTER A. A.UNEMPLOYENT B. SURVIVAL RATE

48. IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’) 1. DEVELOPMENT IS A MULTI- DIMENSIONAL CONCEPT IN GEOGRAPHY/SOCIAL SCIENCES 2. DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF ITS ECONOMIC ASPECTS IS IMPORTANT 3. BUT IT HAS LIMITATIONS

49. IV. CONCLUSION FOR TODAY (‘TAKE-HOME MESSAGES’) (CONTD.) 4. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IS A MORE COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT

50. V. QUESTIONS V. QUESTIONS FOR SMALL-GROUP MEETINGS 1. WHY IS TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHICALLY? 2. WHY IS GNP PER CAPITA PROBLEMATIC AS AN INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT?

51. V. QUESTIONS V. QUESTIONS (CONTD.) 3. WHY IS LOOKING AT DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM IMPORTANT? 4. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH THE VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM?

52. V. QUESTIONS V. QUESTIONS (CONTD.) 5. WHAT OTHER CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT ARE SIMILAR TO DEVELOPMENT-AS-FREEDOM? (HINTS: HDI; GDI) 6. CAN YOU THINK ABOUT POSSIBLE REASONS UNDERLYING THE LACK OF FREEDOM FROM HUNGER?

53. VI: READINGS CHAPTER 7 OF THE TEXTBOOK (THE ENTIRE CHAPTER)