1. Lecture (23)

3. Indications for Abdominal imaging 1) Bowel gas patterns in obstruction, intussusceptions, volvulus, fibrous adhesions, perforation 2) Investigation of biliary and lithiasis 3) Aortic Aneurysm when sclerotic and with calcification 4) Renal stones renal masses 5) Abdominal masses 6) Ascites 7) Control or preliminary films for contrast studies Anatomy Demonstrated Abdominal regions Abdominal organs

4. General considerations for abdominal radiography Breathing instructions To avoid motion result from breathing movement or from involuntary movement Use small the shortest exposure time possible Careful breathing instructions to the patient (exposure at expiration ) Film markers Should be clear and correctly placed Good radiation protection through Avoid repeat of exposure by god positioning and selection of correct exposure factors Accurate collimation Gonadal shielding should be used Check pregnancy for females and apply the 10 day rule The principal exposure factors for abdominal radiographs are as follows: Medium KVp ( 70-80) Short exposure time Adequate mAs for sufficient density Patient preparation )

5. Removal of clothing and any opaque object in the area to be radiographed The patient should wear a hospital gown For acute abdomen ( emergency ) no bowel preparation needed Abdomen or Kidneys, Ureters& Bladder ( KUB) need bowel preparation including Light evening meal before procedure Bowel cleaning laxative Fasting 6-8 hours prior procedure Enema ( morning of examination if needed )