1. Vitamin B group

2. A group of water-soluble vitamins that characteristically serve as components of coenzymes.
Plants and many microorganisms can manufacture B vitamins but dietary sources are essential for most animals.
Heat and light tend to destroy B vitamins.
The vitamin B complex consists of 12 related substances.
Eight are considered essential vitamins because they need to be included in the diet. Four are not essential because the body can synthesize them.

3. The B Vitamins
Coenzymes

4. They include thiamin (B1), riboflavin(B2), niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 (cobalamin); some authorities also include choline, lipoic acid, inositol, and para- aminobenzoic acid.
Although these vitamins are chemically distinct, they are grouped together because they are found with one another in the same foods.

5. B1; or Thiamin
Precursor of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which functions in carbohydrate metabolism.
is essential to normal nerve function and synthesize and regulate neurotransmitters
Stimulate" the appetite
Prevent and "cure" beriberi, or multiple neuritis, characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the peripheral nerves, intense pain, resulting, finally, in paralysis and wasting of the muscles.
Contains sulphur and nitrogen.
Destroyed by alkaline and heat
Function

6. Deficiency first symptoms of B1 deficiency is loss of appetite.
Beriberi
(which can cause weakness, leg spasms, poor appetite, and loss of coordination.) muscle spasm include heart
In alcoholic result in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome( mental confusion, staggering, rapid eye movement or paralysis of eye muscle.)

7. Sources: Wheat germ, beans, peas, and green vegetables
Meat Sunflower seeds
RDA
Men: 1.2 mg
Women: 1.1 mg
Requirement increases with energy expenditure
Toxicity: none known

8. B2 or riboflavin Functions
It is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD and FMN, which have an important role in the metabolism of all major nutrients as well as in the oxidative phosphorylation reactions of the electron transport chain.(Kreb’s cycle
composed of a single type of sugar (ribose) and a yellow pigment (flavin)
first discovered in milk and also been called lactoflavin.
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

9. Deficiency
-Skin lesions, especially cheliosis, or fissures in the corners of the mouth and tongue
-Bloodshot eyes

10. Sources: RDA Men: 1.3 mg Women: 1.1 mg Toxicity: none known
Milk/products
Enriched grains
Liver
Mushroms green vegatbles
Brewer’s yeast
-Sensitive to uv radiation (sunlight)
RDA
Men: 1.3 mg
Women: 1.1 mg
Toxicity: none known

11. B3; Niacin Functions Nicotinic acid
precursor to NADH, NAD+, NADP+ and NADPH, which play essential metabolic roles in living cells.
In larger doses, niacin can reverse atherosclerosis by lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Nicotinic acid
Other forms of vitamin B3 nicotinamide
Can be made from the essential amino acid tryptophan
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

12. Deficiency
Pellagra is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia as well as “necklace” lesions on the lower neck, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin, inflammation of the mouth and tongue, digestive disturbances, amnesia, delirium, and eventually death, if left untreated[
Dietary niacin deficiency tends to occur in areas where people eat maize("corn") as a staple food. Maize is the only grain low in niacin( nixtamalization is needed)
Sources:
Mushrooms
Enriched grains
Beef, chicken, turkey, fish
Heat stable; little cooking loss

13. Toxicity RDA Men: 16 mg equivalents Women: 14 mg equivalents
Body can make niacin from tryptophan
skin flushing and itching
Gastrointestinal complaints
such as dyspepsia (indigestion) and liver toxicity
Toxicity

14. B5; Pantothenic acid needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA
and is critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
PantothenicGreek word meaning "from everywhere: widely distributed
Deficiency: rare.

15. Biotin functions described as the most powerful of all the vitamins
Necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.
Need for carboxylation reactions
Recommended for strengthening hair and nails
Need to make glycogen
described as the most powerful of all the vitamins
Names: vitamin H, a second called it biotin and a third called it "coenzyme R,"

16. Deficiency: Sources: Rare Depression Widespread in food
Numbness/tingling in arms and legs
skin rash, hair loss, convulsion, neurological disorders, impaired growth in children
Sources:
Widespread in food
Cheese, egg yolk, liver, peanut butter, soybeans, fish
Synthesized by GI bacteria
Adequate Intake is 30 ug/day for adults
This may overestimate the amount needed for adults
No Upper Limit for biotin

17. Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine
Functions
It is a constituent of a coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate) involved in amino acid metabolism.
assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium.
promote red blood cell production
Synthesize sertonin, histamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Other names
• Pyridoxine
• Pyridoxal
• Pyridoxamine
Destroyed by heat

18. Sources: Toxicity Deficiency : Microcytic anemia Meat, fish legume
causes retarded growth.
dermatitis. Convulsions
Sources:
Meat, fish legume
Seeds and nuts
Liver
Noncitrus fruit
RDA
– 1.3 mg/day for adults
– 1.7 mg/day for men over 50
– 1.5 mg/day for women over 50
• Athletes may need more
• Alcohol increases vitamin B-6 destruction
Toxicity
Irreversible nerve damage, numbness in hands feet
Difficult of work, Convulsion, Restlessness and
Insomnia.

19. Folic acidB9 or folacin Function
Essential for synthesis of DNA, repair DNA, and methylate DNA
Important during periods of rapid cell division and growth.
Breakdown homocysteine
May reduce risk of some cancer as breast and pancreatic cancers.
folate (the naturally occurring form),
Folic acid is itself not biologically active, but its biological importance is due to tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives after its conversion to dihydrofolic acid in the liver

20. Sources: Deficiency Neural tube in developing embryos.
DNA synthesis and repair are impaired and this could lead to cancer development
Megaloblastic anemia
Sources:
Liver
Fortified breakfast cereals
Grains, legumes
Foliage vegetables
Susceptible to heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light
400 ug/day for adults

22. B12 ; (cyanocobalamin; cobalamin)
It is structurally the most complicated vitamin and it contains the biochemically rare element cobalt
Biosynthesis of the basic structure of the vitamin can only be accomplished by bacteria, but conversion between different forms of the vitamin can be accomplished in the human body.
A common synthetic form of the vitamin, cyanocobalamin, does not occur in nature, but is used in many pharmaceuticals and supplements, and as a food additive

23. Vitamin B12 is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the body, especially affecting the DNA synthesis and regulation , fatty acid synthesis and energy production. many (though not all) of the effects of functions of B12 can be replaced by sufficient quantities of folic acid, since B12 is used to regenerate folate in the body.
Helps maintain myelin sheath around nerve cell.

24. Deficiency Pernicious anemia which include:
Megaloblastic anaemia, nerve damage, creeping analysis, sore red tongue and fatigue.
This can be masked by folate intake.
Food Sources
Almost exclusively animal products
Meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, eggs
Fortified soy milk, fortified cereals
Easily destroyed by microwave cooking and oxygen.
RDA
2.4 mg for adults
Toxicity: none known

25. Normal and Anemic Blood Cells
Figure Page 342
Normal blood cells. The size, shape, and
color of the red blood cells show that
they are normal.
Blood cells in pernicious anemia (mega-
loblastic). Megaloblastic blood cells are
slightly larger than normal red blood
cells, and their shapes are irregular.