1. Carbon Capture and Storage Kathryn Moore Chemical Engineering Undergraduate University of Texas at Austin November 20, 2007 Image: http://i.treehugger.com/files/th_images/carbon-dioxide-01.jpg

2. Capture Technologies Chemical Absorption Polymer Membrane Cryogenic Fractionation Pressure Swing Adsorption Storage Technologies Ocean Sequestration Geological Sequestration Future Technologies Reduction of CO 2 into Useful Fuels Reduction of CO 2 into Formic Acid

3. Chemical Absorption  Most widely used method of separation  Used for low concentrations of CO 2 in the flue gas  Common Solvent is MEA  Steps to Absorption ABSORBERABSORBER STRIPPERSTRIPPER Flue Gas RB Rich Lean Image: Chemical Absorption Process (USDOE “Scrubbing”) CARBON CAPTURE:

4. Polymer Membrane  Porous Inorganic Membranes  Steps for Membrane Separation  Hollow Fiber Membrane Example  Common Solvent is still MEA CARBON CAPTURE: Image: Schematic Representation of Membrane Contactor for Gas Separation (Xu, et al.)

5. Cryogenic Fractionation  Separation of gases through cooling until they enter their liquid states  Due to different Heats of Vaporization, a liquid/gas mixture can then be separated  Used for high concentrations  Flue gases typically have low concentrations CARBON CAPTURE: Information: (Khoo, 2006)

6. Pressure Swing Adsorption  PSA process  High potential  Choosing solvents carefully CARBON CAPTURE: Image: Adsorption of CO2 on Solid Sorbents at Room Temperature (USDOE “Radically”)

7. Ocean Sequestration  Ocean storage depends on depth of injection  Vertical Injection  Inclined pipeline  Dry ice/solid CO 2 option  Pipe towed by ship  Gas Life Advanced Dissolution (GLAD) method  Hydrate option  Emulsion option CARBON STORAGE: Information: (Anna, 2002)

8. Geological Sequestration CARBON STORAGE: Image: Options for Storing CO2 in Deep Underground Geological Formations (IPCC)

9. Reduction into Useful Fuels  Brookhaven National Laboratory  CO 2 + Solar Energy > Hydrocarbons? FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES: Reduction into Formic Acid  University of Leeds in England  CO2 [+ Hydrogen] > Formic Acid? Information: (Ritter, 2007)

10. Conclusions  Carbon Capture Conclusions  Carbon Storage Conclusions  Future Technology Goals THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

11. Works Cited  Anna, David. “New Projects to Explore ‘Breakthrough’ Ideas for Capturing, Storing Carbon Gases.” National Energy Technology Laboratory News Release 6 Mar. 2002. 30 Oct. 2007.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. 30 Oct. 2007.  Khoo, Hsien H., and Reginald B. H. Tan. “Life Cycle Investigation of CO2 Recovery and Sequestration.” Environmental Science & Technology 40.12 (May 2006): 4016-4024. American Chemical Society. 30 Oct. 2007.  Ritter, Stephen K. “What Can We Do With CO2?” Chemical & Engineering News 85.18 (Apr. 2007): 11-17.  U. S. Department of Energy. National Energy Technology Laboratory. Radically New Adsorption Cycles for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration. By James A. Ritter. 30 Oct. 2007.  U.S. Department of Energy. National Energy Technology Laboratory. Scrubbing CO2 from Power Plant Flue Gas Using Monoethanolamine (MEA). By Damon Benedict and Curt M. White. DOE Office of Fossil Energy. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 30 Oct. 2007.  XU, Zhikang, et al. Separation and Fixation of Carbon Dioxide Using Polymeric Membrane Contactor. Natural Science Foundation of China. Institue of Polymer Science, Zhejiang University. 30 Oct. 2007.