1. Instructional Computer TECH2111
Dr. Alaa Sadik
Instructional & Learning Technologies Department

2. Instructional Computer TECH2111
Lecture Three: Types of Instructional Software
“We shouldn't use computers or technology without thinking about how kids will learn!”
(Gardner, 1996)

3. Computer Applications on The Classroom: Taxonomy of Software Types

4. Types of Software
p. 125

5. Types of Instructional Software
Applications
Drill-and-Practice
Tutorials
Simulation
Instructional Games
Problem-Solving
Multimedia
Teacher Utilities

6. Types of Instructional Software
1. Applications
Definition
A group of applications programs that is designed to automate general-purpose and specific tasks such as word processing, database management, spreadsheet, attendance, accounting, grade reporting, scheduling and others.
Features
acquire knowledge and insight about content and processes.
enhance problem-solving and thinking skills.
enhance students’ technical skills.
enhance student’s personal productivity.

7. Types of Instructional Software
1. Applications
MS Excel
Excel one of the most popular spreadsheet programs that can used to teach management processes and enhance problem-solving and thinking skills in mathematics and science.

8. Types of Instructional Software
2. Drill and Practice
Definition
Drill and practice software provides exercises in which students work example items one at a time and receive feedback on their correctness.
Features
Reinforce instruction by providing the repetition necessary to move acquired skills and concepts into long-term memory.
Capture and retain the attention of students.
Save teachers’ time and efforts.
Personalize instruction by meeting individual differences among learners.

9. Types of Instructional Software
2. Drill and Practice
ECS Keyboard
Enables students to:
Play notes on the keyboard after seeing them written.
Identify played notes by assessing intervals from played/written notes
Playback written notes quickly.

10. Types of Instructional Software
2. Drill and Practice
Master the Facts Multiplication:
This program was created in response to teachers to use in their classrooms to teach multiplication. Students using Master the Facts Multiplication for as little as ten minutes a day to practice multiplication skills may demonstrate marked improvement in multiplication skills on quizzes and tests..

11. Types of Instructional Software
3. Tutorials
Definition
A tutorial exposes the learner to material that is believed not to have been previously taught or learned. A tutorial often includes pre-test, post test and drill and practice activities.
Features
Follow linear programmed instruction or branching design.
Encourage students to interact, control and response to the program.
Guide the learner throughout learning from the beginning (objectives) to the end (evaluation).
Have computer-management capabilities (e.g. data collection).

12. Types of Instructional Software
3. Tutorials
Auslan Sign Tutorial
This system provides an easy-to-use and interactive tutorial for learning the basics in communicating in the Australian Sign Language (Auslan).
3D model for signing.
3D model shows emotion.
Numbers Mode.
Over 60 sign phrases to learn.
Random Quiz tests.

13. Types of Instructional Software
3. Tutorials
Food Hygiene
This tutorial is designed to teach students at a school of medicine a complete course on food hygiene which concerns food and the prevention of illness and maintenance of health. Uses well-prepared text supported by pictures, audio and video clips.

14. Types of Instructional Software
4. Simulations
Definition
A simulation is a computerized model of real or imagined system designed to teach how a system works and allows learners to create their own sequence for using simulation.
Features
Involve students into learning process.
Compress time or slow down processes.
Save money and resources.
Make experimentation safe.
Make impossible situations possible and controllable.
Let student repeat events as many times as they want.

15. Types of Instructional Software
4. Simulations
Infinite Physics Simulator
Infinite physics simulator has a large collection of objects useful for optics simulation including mirrors, prisms, lenses and other transparent objects.

16. Types of Instructional Software
4. Simulations
Curvilinear
Friendly design, users do not need to get trained to operate these tools. Using buttons, textboxes and slide bars learners can run or stop the experiment and change the parameters of the phenomena.

17. Types of Instructional Software
5. Instructional Games
Save the Math Apples
Help the monkey save the apples! Click on the basket with the number to give the answer. Keep clicking the basket to add numbers to your answer.

18. Types of Instructional Software
5. Instructional Games
Definition
Instructional games are courseware designed to motivate learning by adding game rules to learning activities.
Features
Make learning fun and motivating (Edutainment).
Motivate learners via the challenge of competition.
Engage the learner in a situation where the learner is competing for a high score.
Include elements of adventure and uncertainty.
Provide different levels of complexity that match player’s ability.

19. Types of Instructional Software
5. Instructional Games
Jungle Jim and the Donga Dinga Drums
This interactive game encourages kids to play with numbers and multiplication concept and win points as long as he/she hits the right number.

20. Types of Instructional Software
6. Problem-Solving
Definition
Problem-solving software is a type of content-free or content-based programs that places emphasis on critical thinking, analysis, logic and reasoning via the presentation of set of data or problematic event.
Features
Stress thinking processes rather than correct answers.
Expose students to a series of activities that would help teach the desired skills.
Help students work together in small teams.
Give students opportunities to see how information applies to actual problems.
Vary the amount of direction and assistance depending on the each student’s needs.

21. Types of Instructional Software
6. Problem-Solving
StressAlyzer
This program provides students with many problems in Mechanics of Materials to solve. Students get immediate feedback on whether they solve each problem correctly, and they are offered randomly generated versions of similar problems until they can be solved correctly.

22. Types of Instructional Software
6. Problem-Solving
MS Excel
Excel one of the most popular spreadsheet programs that can used to teach management processes and enhance problem-solving and thinking skills in mathematics and science.

23. Types of Instructional Software
7. Multimedia
Definition
Programs that support the interactive use of text, audio, still images, video and graphics and manipulate them to support learning.
Features
Enhance text only presentations by adding interesting sounds and compelling visuals.
Engage a variety of learning modalities (visual, auditory and possibly kinesthetic) which can appeal to various learner styles simultaneously.
Allow development of more engaging, persuasive presentations.
Focus practice of skills that support transfer of learning.

24. Types of Instructional Software
7. Multimedia
Scholar’s Desktop.
This program provides a series of modules for teaching, using a combination of media. Students can visit many museums around the world and explore many environments as they visit it.

25. Types of Instructional Software
7. Multimedia
MS Photo Story
This authoring tool allows students to create their own digital stories using text, audio and pictures and export their projects into a digital movie.

26. Types of Instructional Software
8. Teacher Utilities
Definition
Non-instructional or administrative programs used to prepare instructional materials or organize, store, evaluate and report information on pupils’ achievement and progress.
Features
Based on the principle of database management.
Manipulate classroom and examination data.
Permit the teacher to have untold amounts of information.
Reduce the amount of repetitive paper work.
Create and maintain lesson plans.
Create and print a school calendar.
Example: HeadMaster 2007 [

27. Types of Instructional Software
8. Teacher Utilities
Head Master
Specifically designed for teachers. HeadMaster can handle grading, reporting, and scheduling. From administration to accounting to registrar duties, HeadMaster's flexible, customizable interface provides a complete solution for your school's office.

28. Perspectives on Teaching and Learning with Computers
Software Evaluation
Student Presentations
Based on software
selection and evaluation
criteria learned above …

29. Perspectives on Teaching and Learning with Computers
Software Evaluation:
Student Presentations
Select an instructional software and prepare a ten-minutes PowerPoint presentation that meet general criteria of course presentations.
In addition, you should:
define the objectives of using the software.
define target learners.
specify teacher’s and student’s roles in using the software.
describe its technical and pedagogical features, as learned in lecture 3.
discuss how this software can be used to achieve learning objectives or enhance learning.
discuss concerns raised by teachers and instructional designers about the software, if any.
provide some screenshots of the software.

30. Discussion & Conclusion