1. Vascular Systems in plants –
an introduction to plant anatomy
Cells & Tissues. Organization into
structural entities.

2. Endodermis
Pericycle
primitive vascular plants
Lycopodium
gnidiodes

3. primitive vascular plants
Lycopodium claviatum

4. primitive vascular plants
PROTOXYLEM
PROTOXYLEM
PHLOEM
Detail of a cross section of the stem of Psilotum
Psilotum has no leaves or roots!

5. primitive vascular plants
TRABECULA
XYLEM
PHLOEM
Trabeculae are
modified endodermal cells – pericycle surround vascular bundle.

6. primitive vascular plants
ENDODERMIS
PERICYCLE
PHLOEM
Rumohra

7. PROTOPHLOEM
PHLOEM FIBERS
FIBERS
Encephalartos.
Gymnosperm

8. Araucaria (Gymnosperm)
TRACHEIDS
RAY
CAMBIUM
PHLOEM
PHLOEM
Araucaria (Gymnosperm)

9. INTERNAL PHLOEM
EXTERNAL PHLOEM
Cucurbita

10. Zea mays Monocotyledon.
(Atactostele) highly advanced

11. Nymphoides stem
Hydrophytes have a reduced xylem component in the vascular system. Here, only a few XYLEM VESSELS are visible. The phloem on the other hand appears to be well-developed, and consists of sieve tubes companion cells and phloem parenchyma. I
Several ASTROSCLERIEDS can be seen interspersed with the ground parenchyma

12. Ligustrum (Privet) Leaf
Advanced foliage leaf, dicotyledon.
Note mesophyll divided into upper palisade and lower spongy layer.
Smaller veins (like these) are embedded within the mesophyll, between palisade and spongy layers.
These are MINOR veins

13. Zea mays leaf

14. The pine leaf vascular bundle
cambium
sunken stomate
The pine leaf
In Gymnosperm leaves such as the pine leaf, the vascular system is reduced to the central region. You should be able to see two vascular bundles in this example.
The xylem is composed of TRACHEIDS and the phloem of SIEVE CELLS and ALBUMINOUS CELLS.
endodermis
vascular bundle
endodermis