1. The Santa Barbara County Regional Cloudseeding Program Food for Thought Lecture Series at Lake Cachuma Nature Center June 7, 2015 Dennis Gibbs, P.H., C.W.M.O. Senior Hydrologist, Santa Barbara County Water Agency

2. SBC Cloudseeding Program Who: Santa Barbara County Water Agency in conjunction with most water purveyors in the area Who: Santa Barbara County Water Agency in conjunction with most water purveyors in the area What: Cloudseeding to augment rainfall and runoff to local water reservoirs What: Cloudseeding to augment rainfall and runoff to local water reservoirs Why: Increasing the long-term water supply yield Why: Increasing the long-term water supply yield Where: Behind major reservoirs Gibraltar Dam, Lake Cachuma, and Twitchell Reservoir Where: Behind major reservoirs Gibraltar Dam, Lake Cachuma, and Twitchell Reservoir When: Usually mid November through mid April, dependent on hydrologic conditions When: Usually mid November through mid April, dependent on hydrologic conditions

3. Cloudseeding Programs in the United States

4. Historical Perspectives of Cloudseeding Dr. Bernard Vonnegut and Vincent Schaefer in 1946 with Dry Ice Dr. Bernard Vonnegut and Vincent Schaefer in 1946 with Dry Ice Operation “Popeye” from 1967 to 1972 on the Ho Chi Minh Trail Operation “Popeye” from 1967 to 1972 on the Ho Chi Minh Trail Woodstock? Woodstock? Santa Barbara County Area Research Projects Santa Barbara County Area Research Projects Operation Overlord Operation Overlord

5. On November 13 of that year, 1946, the team got up in an airplane and dropped dry ice pellets into a real supercooled cloud over western [Greylock Mtn.] Massachusetts. That carved a long hole in the cloud because of the hunger of the snow crystals for the supercooled water. And it only snowed out of that part of the cloud [fuzzy white in center of hole].

6. History of Cloudseeding Operation “Popeye” from 1967 to 1972 on the Ho Chi Minh Trail Operation “Popeye” from 1967 to 1972 on the Ho Chi Minh Trail

7. Theory of Cloudseeding

8. Condensation Nuclei

9. Silver Iodide - An Artificial Condensation Nuclei A mixture of Silver (Ag) and Iodide (I) A mixture of Silver (Ag) and Iodide (I) Inert – does not readily react with plants or animals Inert – does not readily react with plants or animals Accumulated silver concentrations 100x less than background concentrations Accumulated silver concentrations 100x less than background concentrations Very hydroscopic at temperatures of -5º to -10º Celsius Very hydroscopic at temperatures of -5º to -10º Celsius Crystalline structure very similar to that of a snow flake Crystalline structure very similar to that of a snow flake

10. Rancho del Cielo Ground Site “Alert” weather station (Flood control) Cloudseeding SCADA control system Cloudseeding “generators” (Flare Racks)

11. Flare Burn

12. Aerial Seeding Operations Cessna 340 used in 2007

13. Cloudseeding Project Area and Ground Sites

14. Wind Profile with Height

15. Satellite Imagery

16. Radar Reflectivity

17. Suspension Criteria NWS Flood Warning Unforeseen conditions develop Will not use Gibraltar Road site this year Seed from SY Mountains Ridgeline only if wind is 225° or less High intensity storms (.8”/hr or higher) will not be seeded 15,000 cfs in Lompoc on SYR Lake Cachuma predicted to spill or fill Twitchell elevation to 609’ leaving 119,000 AF of flood storage prior to March 1, 2010 NWS predicts 6” or greater in the Sisquoc watershed over a 24 hour period

20. Program is Usually Operated Mid-November through Mid-April

21. Environmental Compliance

22. Chemtrails, Contrails and Toxicity General accumulations are less than.1µ/L versus the EPA MCL of 50µ/L. General accumulations are less than.1µ/L versus the EPA MCL of 50µ/L. Contrails: Ice Crystals formed by exhaust from aircraft. Typically formed under a “stable” atmosphere at around 30,000 feet above ground, whereas our cloudseeding operations are conducted at 8,000 to 13,000 feet above ground. Contrails: Ice Crystals formed by exhaust from aircraft. Typically formed under a “stable” atmosphere at around 30,000 feet above ground, whereas our cloudseeding operations are conducted at 8,000 to 13,000 feet above ground. Chemtrails: Contrails that persist due to temperature and humidity where formed. Chemtrails: Contrails that persist due to temperature and humidity where formed. More: http://contrailscience.com/contrails-and- chemtrails-the-ifaq/ More: http://contrailscience.com/contrails-and- chemtrails-the-ifaq/

23. End of Formal Presentation Questions?

24. Questions?