2. Normal Line Incident RayReflected Ray <i<r <i = <r

3.  1. <i is equal to <r  2. Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.

4. Mirror

5. S izeSmaller vs. Same vs. Larger A ttitudeUprightvs. Inverted L ocationWhere the image is located T ypeReal vs. Virtual

6.  Incident rays entering to a “Cave”  Concave = converging C V F Principal axis

7.  Image on SAME SIDE as object = REAL  Image behind the mirror = VIRTUAL Object REAL Image VIRTUAL Image

8.  Simply use 2 of the rules C V F

9. If object is at F = no clear image F VC Lines do not meet up

10. If object is between F and V = Virtual image F VC

11.  Incident rays”bouncing off a ball”  Convex = diverging VF Principal axis C

12.  Incident rays ”bouncing off a ball”  Image is ALWAYS smaller and virtual VFC

13. Bending of light when it travels from one medium to another If SLOWING down when entering another medium  bend TOWARDS the normal Normal Line Incident Ray <i Medium A (Faster\) Medium B (Slower) <R Refracted Ray

14. If SPEEDING UP when entering the medium  bend AWAY from the normal Normal Line Incident Ray <i Medium A (Slower) Medium B (Faster) <R Refracted Ray

15.  Either use:  n = c. OR n = sin <i.  v sin <R  Example 1:  Speed of light in air is 3.00 x 10 8 m/s. Speed of light in salt is 1.96 x 10 8 m/s. Light enters from air to salt. Which way does the light bend? What is the index of refraction?

16.  Either use:  n = c. OR n = sin <i  v sin <R  Example 2:  Index of refraction of quartz is 1.46. If the angle of incident ray from air is 60 0, what is the angle of refracted ray in quartz?

17. ONLY occurs under 2 conditions: 1. Light is travelling more slowly in 1 st medium than in 2 nd medium (going from SLOWER to FASTER) 2. Angle of incidence is GREATER than critical angle

18. Normal Line Air (FASTER) Water (SLOWER) Critical angle

19.  F = principal focus  F’ = secondary principal focus  O = optical centre F’2FF Principal axis 2F’ O

20.  If Image is on the OPPOSITE SIDE of the lens from the object = REAL Image  If Image is on the SAME SIDE as object = Virtual Image REAL Image ObjectVIRTUAL Image

21.  Simply use 2 of the rules F’2FF2F’ O

22.  The only time you’ll get VIRTUAL image with converging lens is when the object is between F’ and O F’2FF2F’ O

23. F = principal focus F’ = secondary principal focus O = optical centre F2F’F’ Principal axis 2F O

24. Always the SAME image characteristics no matter where the object is located: Smaller, upright, virtual, same side as object. F2F’F’ Principal axis 2F O

25. 1 + 1 = 1 d o d i f Object F’2F F 2F’ O Image do ff di ho hi

26. 1 + 1 = 1 d o d i f d o is always + d i is + for real image - for virtual image f is + for converging lens - for diverging lens M = h i = - d i h o d o h 0 and h 1 are: + when measured upward - when measured downward M is: + for upright image - for inverted image