2. Theoretical Perspectives

3. Biological Perspective Psychodynamic model Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective Humanistic Perspective Sociocultural Perspective

4. The Psychodynamic Model Freud’s Theory  Unconscious  Conscious  Preconscious Three Levels of Consciousness

5. The Psychodynamic Model Freud’s Levels of Consciousness Psychoanalysis

6. The Psychodynamic Model Freud’s Theory  Id follows the pleasure principle Life instincts Death instincts Libido

7. The Psychodynamic Model Freud’s Theory  Ego follows the reality principle

8. The Psychodynamic Model Freud’s Theory The Defense Mechanisms 1. Repression - the ejection of anxiety- evoking ideas from awareness

9. The Defense Mechanisms 2. Denial - Refusal to accept the true nature of a threat

10. The Defense Mechanisms 3. Fantasy - Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievements realityimagination

11. The Defense Mechanisms 4. Projection - The thrusting of one’s own unacceptable impulses onto others so that others are assumed to harbor them

12. The Defense Mechanisms 5. Rationalization - the use of self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable behavior

13. 6. Reaction formation - Assumption of behavior in opposition to one’s genuine impulses in order to keep impulses repressed The Defense Mechanisms

14. 7. Displacement - The transfer of ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable objects to less threatening objects

15. The Defense Mechanisms 8. Intellectualization (isolation) - analyze threatening issues in an emotionally detached way

16. The Defense Mechanisms 9. Undoing - Person tries to make up for unacceptable desires or acts, frequently through ritualistic behavior

17. The Defense Mechanisms 10. Regression - the return, under stress, to a form of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

18. The Defense Mechanisms 11. Overcompensation - Masking perceived weaknesses by developing positive traits to make up for limitations

19. The Defense Mechanisms 12. Sublimation - The channeling of socially unacceptable impulses into positive, constructive efforts

20. The Defense Mechanisms 13. Identification – The tendency to base one’s identity and actions on individuals who are successful in gaining satisfaction from life

21. The Psychodynamic Model Freud’s Theory  Superego follows the moral principle conscience ego ideal

22. Stages of Psychosexual Development The oral stage oral receptive oral aggressive

23. Stages of Psychosexual Development The anal stage anal-retentive anal-expulsive

24. Stages of Psychosexual Development The phallic stage Oedipus complex castration anxiety Electra complex penis envy

25. Stages of Psychosexual Development The latency stage The genital stage Incest taboo

26. The Psychodynamic Model Other Psychodynamic Explanations Carl Jung Alfred Adler Ego theorists Self theorists Object relations theorists Karen Horney

27. The Psychodynamic Model Psychodynamic Therapies Free Association Therapist Interpretation resistance transference dreams

28. The Psychodynamic Model The Meaning of Dreams Day Residue Psychodynamic Therapies Stimulus Incorporation

29. The Psychodynamic Model Manifest content Latent content Dream Interpretation

30. The Psychodynamic Model Psychodynamic Therapies Catharsis Working Through

31. Humanistic Perspective Humanism frames of reference self-esteem unconditional positive regard conditional positive regard conditions of worth Carl Rogers client-centered therapy Abraham Maslow

32. The Sociocultural Model Sociocultural Explanations Family Perspective Intergenerational Family systems theory enmeshed structure disengagement Social networks and supports Societal labels and roles Strategic Experiential

33. The Sociocultural Model Sociocultural Explanations Culture Societal conditions Religion and Spirituality

34. The Sociocultural Model Sociocultural Therapies Group Therapy Family Therapy structural family therapy conjoint family therapy Multicultural Approach gender-sensitive or feminist therapy self-help group

35. The Sociocultural Model Sociocultural Therapies Couple Therapy or Marital Therapy Milieu Therapy

36. The Behavioral Model Classical Conditioning

37. The Behavioral Model Classical Conditioning The unconditioned response (UCR) is an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the unlearned stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

38. The Behavioral Model Classical Conditioning The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already elicited that response The conditioned response (CR) is a response similar to the unconditioned response but is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

39. The Behavioral Model Classical Conditioning Paradigm CS (salivation) (bell) CR UCS UCR (meat powder)

40. The Behavioral Model Watson and Raynor Study

41. Film

42. The Behavioral Model Operant conditioning

43. The Behavioral Model Positive Reinforcement Increases the frequency of a response m m & m & m

44. Primary reinforcer Secondary reinforcer Primary and Secondary Reinforcement

45. The Behavioral Model Extinction Social Learning Modeling Vicarious reinforcement Vicarious punishment

46. The Behavioral Model Negative Reinforcement Increases the probability that a response will occur when the painful stimulus is removed Ouch!

47. Cognitive Based Theory Cognitive Explanations Illogical thinking processes

48. Behavioral Therapies Systematic desensitization Fear hierarchy Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies

49. Behavioral Therapies Contingency Management Techniques Behavior Modification Token Economies Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies

50. Cognitive Restructuring Panic Control Therapy (PCT) Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) Cognitive Therapies Self-efficacy

51. The Biological Model Biological Explanations Pons Hindbrain Medulla Cerebellum

52. The Biological Model Biological Explanations Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus

53. The Biological Model Amygdala Hippocampus Biological Explanations Limbic System Septal area

54. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Cerebral Cortex fissures

55. The Biological Model Biological Explanations Parts of a Neuron Cell body Cytoplasm Myelin Sheath Nodes of Ranvier Axon Terminals Synaptic knobs

56. The Biological Model Biological Explanations Parts of a Neuron

57. The Biological Model Biological Explanations Synaptic Transmission A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a synapse. A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the transmitting neuron, a dendrite or soma of a receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between the two called a synaptic gap.

58. The Biological Model Biological Explanations Synaptic Transmission In axon terminals there are sacs or synaptic vesicles that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitter floats across the gap and fits into a specific location on a dendrite called a receptor site.

59. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System

60. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System Pituitary Gland

61. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System Adrenal Glands

62. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System Pancreas

63. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System Gonads TestesOvaries

64. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System Thyroid Gland

65. The Biological Model Biological Explanations The Endocrine System Pineal Gland

66. The Biological Model Genetic Influences Chromosomes Genes Evolution Mutation Viral Infections

67. The Biological Model Biological Therapies Psychotropic medications Antianxiety drugs Antidepressant drugs Antibipolar drugs Antipsychotic drugs

68. The Biological Model Biological Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

71. The Biological Model Biological Therapies Psychosurgery

72. Biopsychosocial Perspectives Biopsychosocial Theories Diathesis-stress view

73. The End