1.  The grammaticality of sentences  Word order  Hierarchical organization of sentences  Grammatical relations  Structural ambiguity  Different structures with the same meaning  The creative aspect of language. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 123, adapted.

2. “Phrase structure trees (PS trees, for short) are explicit graphic representations of a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of the sentences of his language.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 90.

3. “A PS tree is a formal device for representing the speaker’s knowledge of the structure of sentences in his language, as revealed by our linguistic intuitions.” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 91.

4. 1.S  NPVP 2.NP  DetN (R) 3. VP  VNP 4. VP  V (R) 5. VP  VPP (R) 6.PP  PNP 7.VP  VCP 8.CP  CS 9.NP  NPPP (A) 10. VP  AuxVP (A) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 107.

5. 1. S  NPVP 2. NP  DetN’ 3. Det  NP poss 4. NP  N’ 5. NP  NPPP 6. N’  AdjN’ 7. N’  N 8. VP  V 9. VP  VNP 10. VP  VCP 11.VP  AuxVP 12. VP  VPPP 13.PP  PNP 14.CP  CS Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 110.

6. See pp. 112-114 of the textbook for additional rules. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 112-114.

7.  Generate grammatical sentences  Test to see if sentences are grammatical Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 140.

8. Hanyu Pinyin Phonemic and Spelling Alphabet and Syllabary for Modern Standard Chinese

9. If our GRAMMAR is complete, it should generate / describe / account for / allow / explain ALL grammatical sentences AND NO ungrammatical sentences THIS MEANS: 1. IF a rule allows an ill-formed sentence, then it must be …. 2. IF our Grammar (or a rule in our grammar) says: This sentence is grammatical (and it is), then we can say the grammar is …. 3. IF our Grammar (or a rule in our grammar) says: This sentence is grammatical (BUT WE KNOW it is NOT GRAMMATICAL), then we say the grammar is.…