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Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy
From Bloom and Back to Bloom
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History 1950’s Benjamin Bloom created Bloom’s Taxonomy
Hierarchy of six uni-dimensional cognitive levels Developed so instruction and assessment were congruent
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History Continued… 1980’s Robert Marzano created Dimensions of Thinking Components Content Area Knowledge Metacognition Critical and Creative Thinking Currently used for the state curriculum and testing program
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History Continued… 1990’s Lorin Anderson revisited Bloom and made it two-dimensional Low and High Level Thinking Skills but not necessarily a hierarchy Verbs replaced nouns because thinking skills indicate action Revised Bloom's Taxonomy Table clarifies the fit of each lesson plan's purpose, "essential question," goal or objective; not just a thinking skill Has Four Dimensions Factual Knowledge Conceptual Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Meta-Cognitive Knowledge
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Comparison Chart Original Bloom’s Marzano Revised Bloom’s Evaluating
Evaluation Integrating Create Synthesis Generating Evaluate Analysis Analyzing Analyze Application Applying Apply Comprehension Organizing Understood Knowledge Knowing Remember
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Cognitive Process Dimension
Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory. Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing. Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or producing.
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Example Remember: Describe where Goldilocks lived.
Understand: Summarize what the Goldilocks story was about. Apply: Construct a theory as to why Goldilocks went into the house. Analyze: Differentiate between how Goldilocks reacted and how you would react in each story event. Evaluate: Assess whether or not you think this really happened to Goldilocks. Create: Compose a song, skit, poem, or rap to convey the Goldilocks story in a new form.
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What are Differences Between Content and Knowledge?
Content is subject-matter specific. If you focused on content, then, you would need as many taxonomies as there are subject matters (e.g., one for science, one for history, etc.). Content exists outside the student. A major problem, then, is how to get the content inside the student. When content gets inside the student, it becomes knowledge. This transformation of content to knowledge takes place through the cognitive processes used by the student.
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Four Types of Knowledge
Factual Knowledge Conceptual Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Metacognitive Knowledge
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THE TAXONOMY TABLE COGNITIVE PROCESS DIMENSION DIMENSION KNOWLEDGE
1. REMEMBER Recognizing Recalling 2. UNDERSTAND Interpreting Exemplifying Classifying Summarizing Inferring Comparing Explaining 3. APPLY Executing Implementing 4. ANALYZE Differentiating Organizing Attributing 5. EVALUATE Checking Critiquing 6. CREATE Generating Planning Producing FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE
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What additional knowledge does the cook need to have
Recipe Activity In your group, decide what Cognitive Process Dimension your recipe matches. Why that dimension? What additional knowledge does the cook need to have
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The Common Format of Objectives
Subject Verb Object S V O All standards are written in the same grammatical format: subject-verb-object or SVO.
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Objects of the standards are subject-. specific (e. g
* Objects of the standards are subject- specific (e.g., math, science, social studies). * The objects specify the CONTENT of the standard. For several reasons, CONTENT was replaced by KNOWLEDGE. * Content exists outside the student. A major problem, then, is how to get the content inside the student. * When content gets inside the student, it becomes knowledge and requires cognitive processes.
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How it Works
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Explain the political alliances and policies that impacted the United States in the latter part of the 20th Century, including NATO, the UN, and OPEC
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Verb = Explain Object = the political alliances and policies that impacted the United States in the latter part of the 20th Century including NATO, the UN, and OPEC [Extraneous information]
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Verb = Explain = Understand
Object = the political alliances and policies that impacted the United States in the latter part of the 20th Century = Conceptual Knowledge
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The SVO format of standards in combination with the two-dimensional structure of the Taxonomy Table allows us to classify standards so we better understand their intent and meaning in terms of student learning.
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Additional Benefits Increase curriculum alignment
Improve validity of assessments Improve quality of instruction
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Instructional Activities/ Materials
Curriculum Alignment Assessments Objectives Curriculum Alignment Curriculum has three parts Instructional Activities/ Materials
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Why is Alignment Important?
Increases validity of assessment Increases students’ opportunity to learn Provides more accurate estimates of teaching effectiveness Permits better instructional decisions to be made
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Traditional Alignment
What content is included in the objective? What content is included on the assessment(s)? Is the content included in the objective and/or on the assessment included in the instructional materials? If the content is the same, there is a high level of alignment.
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ALIGNMENT USING THE TAXONOMY TABLE Objectives Assessments
Instructional Activities Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create Factual Conceptual Procedural Meta- Cognitive
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Curriculum Alignment Activity
Group yourselves with your department. Identify the Cognitive Process Dimension for the Objectives Answer the following What dimension do most of your objectives align How will this change you instruction? How will this change your assessment?
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Implication in the Classroom
Teachers must familiarize themselves with RBT terminology Teachers must plan instruction to match assessment Formative assessment must happen
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References Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives: Complete edition, New York : Longman.
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