1. High Performance Computing: Concepts, Methods & Means Performance 3 : Measurement Prof. Thomas Sterling Department of Computer Science Louisiana State University February 27 th, 2007

2. Term Projects Graduate students only Due date: April 19 th, 2007 Total time: approx. 40 hours 20% of final grade 4 categories of projects: –A) technology evolution report (20 page report) –B) Fixed application code execution scaling (7 page report) –C) Synthetic code parametric studies (7 page report) –D) Parallel application development (7 page report) 1 paragraph abstract due March 9 th –Email to Chirag by COB Friday

3. Term Projects – Technology Evolution In depth survey of an enabling technology Report on capability with respect to time and factors Two general classes of technology: –Device technology Main memory Secondary storage System network Logic –Architecture SIMD Vector Systolic Dataflow

4. Term Project – Fixed Application Scaling Select an application code –Need not be one of those in class –Must be a parallel code –You need not write this yourself Select two or more system parameters to scale with –# processors –# nodes –Network bandwidth and/or latency –Data block partition size Use performance measurement and profiling tools –Describe measured trends –Diagnose reasons for observed results

5. Term Project – Synthetic Parametric Study Write a code expressly to exercise one or more system functions –Parallelism –Network bandwidth –Memory bandwidth Allow at least one dimension to be independent and adjust –Message insert rate –Message packet size –Overhead time Show system operation with respect to parameter

6. Term Project – Roll your own Write a small parallel application program –Preferably not one we’ve done in class –Can be something you’ve done in another class or research project modified for MPI or OpenMP –Please! Do this yourself!! –Libraries permitted Use profiling tools to determine where most of the work is being done Demonstrate scaling wrt # processors

7. 7 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

8. 8 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

9. 9 Please understand when to use the following and what they mean : API Elements : –MPI_Init(), MPI_Finalize() –MPI_Comm_size(), MPI_Comm_rank() –MPI_COMM_WORLD –Error checking using MPI_SUCCESS –MPI basic data types (slide 27) –Blocking : MPI_Send(), MPI_Recv() –Non-Blocking : MPI_Isend(), MPI_Irecv(), MPI_Wait() –Collective Calls : MPI_Barrier(), MPI_Bcast(), MPI_Gather(), MPI_Scatter(), MPI_Reduce() Commands : –Running MPI Programs : mpirun –Compile : mpicc –Compile : mpif77

10. 10 Where are we? Three classes of parallel computing –Capacity –Cooperative –Capability Three execution models –Throughput –Shared memory multithreaded –Communicating sequential processes (message passing) Three programming formalisms –Condor –OpenMP –MPI More performance modeling and measurement –For cooperative/message passing/MPI

11. 11 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

12. 12 What has changed? SMP to MPP SMP – symmetric multiprocessor –Shared memory UMA – uniform memory access with cache coherence –Multithreaded parallelism –Communication through main memory –Not scalable –Programming in OpenMP –DSM and PGAS provide alternative shared memory structures DSM – distributed shared memory (with cache coherence) PGAS – Partitioned global address space (without cache coherence) Both are NUMA MPP – massively parallel processor –Distributed memory NUMA – non-uniform memory access –Concurrent sequential processes parallelism –Communication through messages between nodes –Scalable –Programming in MPI –Same for commodity clusters but usually with weaker networks

13. 13 MPI Performance Characteristics Latency –Time to send first bits of data across link to remote node –Does not include overhead Bandwidth –Rate of data transfer across link to remote node Buffers –System or user buffers take up time to manage capacity etc. Blocking versus Asynchronous –Forced ordering of computation and communication

14. 14 Granularities of Time Measurements TimerUsageWallclock / CPU Time ResolutionLanguagesPortable? timeshell / scriptboth1/100th secondanyyes timexshell / scriptboth1/100th secondanyyes gettimeofdaysubroutinewallclockmicrosecondC/C++yes read_real_timesubroutinewallclocknanosecondC/C++no rtcsubroutinewallclockmicrosecondFortranno irtcsubroutinewallclocknanosecondFortranno dtime_subroutineCPU1/100th secondFortranno etime_subroutineCPU1/100th secondFortranno mclocksubroutineCPU1/100th secondFortranno timefsubroutinewallclockmillisecondFortranno MPI_WtimesubroutinewallclockmicrosecondC/C++, Fortranyes AIX Trace Facilityshell / script / subroutine wallclockmicrosecondanyno time

15. 15 Performance Factors Platform / Architecture Related: –cpu - clock speed, number of cpus –Memory subsystem - memory and cache configuration, memory-cache-cpu bandwidth, memory copy bandwidth –Network adapters - type, latency and bandwidth characteristics –Operating system characteristics - many Network Related: –Hardware - ethernet, FDDI, switch, intermediate hardware (routers) –Protocols - TCP/IP, UDP/IP, other –Configuration, routing, etc –Network tuning options ("no" command) –Network contention / saturation source : http://www.llnl.gov/computing/tutorials/mpi_performance/

16. 16 Performance Factors (2) Application Related: –Algorithm efficiency and scalability –Communication to computation ratios –Load balance –Memory usage patterns –I/O –Message size used –Types of MPI routines used - blocking, non-blocking, point-to- point, collective communications MPI Implementation Related: –Message buffering –Message passing protocols - eager, rendezvous, other –Sender-Receiver synchronization - polling, interrupt –Routine internals - efficiency of algorithm used to implement a given routine source : http://www.llnl.gov/computing/tutorials/mpi_performance/

17. 17 Performance Impact of Message Sizes Message size can be a very significant contributor to MPI application performance. In most cases, increasing the message size will yield better performance. For communication intensive applications, algorithm modifications that take advantage of message size "economies of scale" may be worth the effort. Performance can often improve significantly within a relatively small range of message sizes. The following three graphs demonstrate how increasing message size can improve bandwidth for different message size ranges

18. 18 MPI Performance Models Hockney: Point to Point –Time to send: t=t 0 +m/r inf –t 0 : fixed cost per message, startup cost –m: message length –r inf : bandwidth for very large messages Xu/Hwang: Collective –Time to send: t=t 0 (n)+m/r inf (n) –same parameters, but now they are functions of n, the number of nodes in the communication Source: http://wwwinfo.deis.unical.it/~talia/hpcn98.ps

19. 19 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

20. 20 MPI Performance Models LogP (fixed message size) –time to send = L+2*o –L: Latency, min send/recv time –o: Overhead, time waiting on processor –g: Gap, min time between successive sends or recvs & does include message length –P: Number of Processors –L/g: Max number of simultaneous messages

21. 21 Measuring LogP Parameters Finding g (implementation dependent) –Proc 0: MPI_ISend() x N –Proc 1: MPI_Recv() x N –g = total time / N Finding L+2*o –Proc 0: (MPI_Send() then MPI_Recv()) x N –Proc 1: (MPI_Recv() then MPI_Send()) x N –L+2*o = total time/N Finding o –Proc 0: (MPI_Send() then MPI_Recv() then some_work) x N –Proc 1: (MPI_Recv() then some_work then MPI_Send()) x N –o = (1/2)total time/N – time(some_work) –requires time(some_work) > 2*L+2*o

22. 22 Measuring LogP Parameters Finding L+2*o –Proc 0: (MPI_Send() then MPI_Recv()) x N –Proc 1: (MPI_Recv() then MPI_Send()) x N –L+2*o = total time/N Figure 1: Time diagram for benchmark 1 (a) is Time diagram of processor 0 (b) is Time diagram of processor 1

23. 23 Measuring LogP Parameters Finding o –Proc 0: (MPI_Send() then some_work then MPI_Recv() ) x N –Proc 1: (MPI_Recv() then MPI_Send() then some_work) x N –o = (1/2)total time/N – time(some_work) –requires time(some_work) > 2*L+2*o Figure 2: Time diagram for benchmark 2 with X > 2*L+Or+Os (a) is Time diagram of processor 1 (b) is Time diagram of processor 2

24. 24 Demo Measure LogP parameters

25. 25 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

26. 26 MPI Performance Models LogGP (variable message size) –time to send = L+2*o+(m-1)*G –L: Latency, min send/recv time –o: Overhead, time waiting on processor –g: Gap, min time between send/recvs –G: Gap per byte = 1/Bandwidth –P: Number of Processors –L/g: Max number of simultaneous messages –http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/756/http:zSzzSzwww. cs.berkeley.eduzSz~cullerzSzpaperszSzsort.pdf/dusseau96fast. pdfhttp://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/756/http:zSzzSzwww. cs.berkeley.eduzSz~cullerzSzpaperszSzsort.pdf/dusseau96fast. pdf

27. Effective Bandwidth (LogGP) Toy Calculation –BW = m/(L+2*o+G(m-1)) –let: L+2*o-G = 5 –let: G = 3 –Asymptotically approaches bandwidth of 1/G for very large messages.

28. 28 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

29. 29 HPC Challenge Benchmarks HPC Challenge: http://icl.cs.utk.edu/hpcc/http://icl.cs.utk.edu/hpcc/ –See results tab –b_eff benchmark is a part of this larger database –more info than just HPL!

30. 30 b_eff Standard Benchmark – part of HPC Challenge –Provides effective bandwidth and latency Averages a variety of message sizes and communication patterns Determines an effective latency and bandwidth b_eff depends on: –hardware: interconnect, memory –software: MPI implementation –tuneable parameters of the os: buffers –etc. See : http://www.hlrs.de/organization/par/services/models/mpi/b_eff/ http://www.hlrs.de/organization/par/services/models/mpi/b_eff/

31. 31 Effective Bandwidth Benchmark

32. 32 Example: Send/Recv, ring & random

33. 33 Demo running of b_eff

34. 34 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

35. 35 Portable MPI Tracing: PMPI An API to MPI for tracing, debugging, performance measurements of MPI applications MPI_ () calls PMPI_ () MPI_Pcontrol(int) –0: disabled –1: enabled – Default Level –2: flush trace buffers

36. 36 Demo : MPI_Pcontrol … int sends = 0; int pcontrol = 1; int main(int argc,char **argv) { MPI_Init(&argc,&argv); int imax = 10000000; int nmax = 8; int rank; int data = 27; MPI_Status st; MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD,&rank); time_t start,end; double fac = (1.0/imax); double g,lp2o,o; // Find g time(&start); for(int i=0;i<imax;i++) { if(rank == 0) { MPI_Send(&data,1,MPI_INT,1,1,MPI_COMM_WORLD); } else { MPI_Recv(&data,1,MPI_INT,0,1,MPI_COMM_WORLD,&st); } time(&end); if(rank == 0) { g = fac*(end-start); printf("gap=%g sec\n",g); } // Find L+2*o time(&start); const int step = 5; for(int i=0;i<imax;i+=step) { if(rank == 0) { MPI_Send(&data,1,MPI_INT,1,1,MPI_COMM_WORLD); MPI_Recv(&data,1,MPI_INT,1,1,MPI_COMM_WORLD,&st); } else { MPI_Recv(&data,1,MPI_INT,0,1,MPI_COMM_WORLD,&st); MPI_Send(&data,1,MPI_INT,0,1,MPI_COMM_WORLD); } time(&end); if(rank == 0) { lp2o = 0.5*step*fac*(end-start); printf("L+2*o=%g sec\n",lp2o); if(sends > 0) printf("sends = %d\n",sends); } MPI_Finalize(); return 0; } int MPI_Pcontrol(int n) { pcontrol = n; return PMPI_Pcontrol(n); } int MPI_Send( void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int tag, MPI_Comm comm ) { if(pcontrol >= 1) sends++; return PMPI_Send(buf,count,datatype,dest,tag,comm ); }

37. 37 Demo MPI tracing, custom implementation

38. 38 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

39. 39 TAU and MPI Tau uses the PMPI interface to track MPI calls Jumpshot is used as the viewer –Shows subroutine calls and mpi calls

40. 40 TAU Performance System Architecture EPILOG Paraver

41. 41 TAU Measurement Options Parallel profiling –Function-level, block-level, statement-level –Supports user-defined events –TAU parallel profile data stored during execution –Hardware counts values –Support for multiple counters –Support for callpath profiling Tracing –All profile-level events –Inter-process communication events –Timestamp synchronization –Trace merging and format conversion

42. 42 How To Use TAU? Instrumentation – Application code and libraries – Selective instrumentation Install, compile, and link with TAU measurement library – % configure; make clean install – Multiple configurations for different measurements options – Does not require change in instrumentation – Selective measurement control Execute “experiments” to produce performance data – Performance data generated at end or during execution Use analysis tools to look at performance results

43. 43 Using Tau Setup Environment: –source /home/packages/Tau/gcc-papi-mpi-slog2/env.sh –export COUNTER1=GET_TIME_OF_DAY Use tau_cc.sh, tau_f90.sh, etc. to compile Run with mpirun Post-process: –tau_treemerge.pl –tau2slog2 tau.trc tau.edf -o tau.slog2 Run: http://www.cct.lsu.edu/~sbrandt/perf_vis.html http://www.cct.lsu.edu/~sbrandt/perf_vis.html

44. 44 Demo Tau and Jumpshot

45. 45 Topics Introduction Performance Characteristics & Models Performance Models : LogP Performance Models : LogGP Benchmarks : b_eff MPI Tracing : PMPI TAU & MPI Summary – Materials for Test

46. 46 Summary – Material for the Test Essential MPI - Slide: 9 Performance Models - Slide: 12, 15, 16, 18 (Hockney) LogP - Slide: 20 – 23 Effective Bandwidth – Slide: 30 Tau/MPI – Slide: 41, 43

47. 47 Sources http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/tau/docs.php (tau) http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/tau/docs.php http://www.llnl.gov/computing/tutorials/mpi_performance/ http://www.netlib.org/utk/papers/mpi-book/node182.html (mpi profiling interface) http://www.netlib.org/utk/papers/mpi-book/node182.html http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/tutorial/perf/index.html (Gropp course) http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi/tutorial/perf/index.html http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/ssa/papers/jpdcmpi.ps (LogP paper with figures) http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/ssa/papers/jpdcmpi.ps http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/PAPERS/coll-perf-analysis- cluster-2005.pdf (more LogP stuff) http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/PAPERS/coll-perf-analysis- cluster-2005.pdf http://www.hlrs.de/organization/par/services/models/mpi/b_eff/ (b_eff bench) http://www.hlrs.de/organization/par/services/models/mpi/b_eff/ http://icl.cs.utk.edu/hpcc/ (hpc challenge) http://icl.cs.utk.edu/hpcc/

48. 48