2. Sensation & Perception basic terminology

3. Can you have sensation without perception?
Information coming into our brain from our sensory receivers
Perception
The way the brain organizes and interprets the data received by our senses
Can you have sensation without perception?
Prosopagnosia
Complete sensation in the absence of perception
Example of Prosopagnosia: FACE BLINDNESS

4. Bottom-up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind.
Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an “A.”

5. THE CHT Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
Top Down Processing explains how our expectations and prior experiences guide our perceptions.
THE CHT

6. Bottom Up Vs. Top Down
What do you see?

7. Bottom Up vs. Top Down What do You See?

8. Top-Down Processing
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9. Sensation vs. Perception What do you see?

10. Sensation vs. Perception What do you see?

11. Making Sense of Complexity
JULIE
“The Forest Has Eyes,” Bev Doolittle
How many faces do you see?

12. Thresholds Absolute Threshold Subliminal Messages
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Ticking of a watch from about 20ft away in a quiet room
Seeing a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear night
Go to your textbook p. 79 for the absolute threshold of taste and touch.
Subliminal Messages
Messages presented below absolute thresholds – not consciously perceived

13. “Subliminal Messages”
Some have argued that humans still “pick up” these messages that influence our “unconscious.” Do these messages have suggestive powers?
Skeptics argue “Subliminal Messages” are heavily influenced by top down processes.
Example: Feeling “hungry” during subliminal advertisements.
Mr. Subliminal

14. Subliminal Message In Beer Ad?

15. Subliminal Messages In Money

16. Subliminal Message In “The Lion King?”

17. Difference Threshold
Amount of change needed to notice that a change has occurred.

18. Sensation: Thresholds
Signal Detection Theory: predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
What might a person’s detection of a stimulus depend on?

19. Condensation Experiment
Sensory Adaptation

20. Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
Preview Question 3: What function does sensory adaptation serve?
Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile
you don’t sense it.

21. The EYE vision

22. The Eye
Preview Question 5: How does the eye transform light energy into neural messages?

23. Biology of Vision: Know the Steps
Light enters the eye through the cornea: (transparent protector) and passes through the pupil: (small opening/hole).
The size of the opening (pupil) is regulated by the iris: the colored portion of your eye that controls the size of the pupil causing either more or less light to get in.

25. Biology of Vision: Know the Steps
Behind the pupil, the lens, focuses the light rays into an image on the back surface of the eye called the retina: where the image is focused. The retina is like a movie screen.

26. Biology of Vision: Know the Steps
Image coming through activates photoreceptors in the retina called rods and cones (process information for darkness and color).
The rods and cones set off chemical reactions they form a synapse with bipolar cells which change light energy into neural impulses.
These neural impulses go to the optic nerve (bundle of neurons that take information from retina to the brain) and eventually get to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

29. Opponent Process Theory
Gaze at the middle of the flag.
When it disappears, stare at the dot and report
whether or not you see Britain's flag.
What just happened is called a NEGATIVE AFTERIMAGE

30. Opponent Process Theory
The opponent color theory suggests that there are three opponent channels: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white (the last type is achromatic and detects light-dark variation, or luminance.

31. Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision:
This theory states that three receptors in the retina of the eye are responsible for the perception of color by the brain. Each receptor is sensitive to a single color: red, green or blue. The combination of these three colors can form any visible color in the spectrum.
Which one of the
Theories of color vision creates
The afterimage effect?

32. What is transduction?
Transduction is the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural messages.
In the eye: happens in the optic nerve
In the ear: happens in cochlea and auditory nerve.

33. Weber’s Law
Weber’s Law is the perception of two different stimuli that are different by a constant minimum percentage.
Example: Difference between 2 notes on a scale.
The difference has to be constant and by a set percentage in order for there to be adequate perception of the difference.