1. Measuring and recording vital signs Temperature- Pulse- Respiration and Blood pressure

2. Temperature Temperature is a measurement of the balance between heat lost and heat produced in the body. Temperature may be measured in the mouth (oral), rectum (rectal), armpit (Axillary), or ear (aural/tympanic) temporal (artery) Normal temperature is 97 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Above 101 F indicates fever

3. Oral Mouth under tongue Use to be the most common Clean thermometer or dispose of sheath after each use

4. Rectal Rectum Internal measurement Most accurate Insert 1-11/2 inches Have pt lie on left side with right knee bent up. Infants on their back Avoid exposure Lubricate thermometer

5. Axillary Armpit/ close to body between skin folds Groin between skin folds of inner thigh and lower abdomen. Less accurate

6. Aural/ Tympanic In the ear or auditory canal Special thermometer measures the thermal infrared energy radiating from the blood vessels in the tympanic membrane or eardrum Less than 2 seconds

7. Temporal Artery Taken over the forehead and down the side of temporal area. Measures the temperature in the temporal artery …..similar to rectal Research shows more accurate

8. Fahrenheit and Celsius Most temperatures are measured in Fahrenheit, however, it may be necessary to convert to Celsius. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature and then multiply the result by 0.5556. Example to convert 98.6 F to Celsius you subtract 32 from 98.6 which leaves 66.6 and multiply by 0.5556 which equals 37 degrees Celsius. To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit you multiply the temperature by 9/5 or 1.8 and then add 32

9. Hypothermia Low body temperature is called hypothermia Temperature below 95 degrees F measured rectally If below 93 rectally for extended period death may occur. Caused by starvation, sleep, mouth breathing, exposure to cold

10. Hyperthermia Elevated temperature above 104 degrees F rectally Above 106 can lead to convulsions and brain damage.. Causes : infection, exercise, excitement

11. Recording temperature Different thermometers used Record accurately with type of temp. 98.6 ® or 98.6(Ax) or 98.6 (A) 98.6 (TA) If taken orally no need to indicate/ understood Eating /drinking/smoking can alter temp Wait 15 minutes

12. Pulse Pulse is the pressure of the blood felt against the wall of an artery as the heart contracts and relaxes. The rate rhythm and volume are measured and recorded. Rate refers to the number of beats per minute Rhythm refers to the regularity of the beat Volume refers to the strength of the beat

13. Pulse sites Temporal- at the side of the forehead Carotid- at the neck Brachial- crease of the elbow/inner aspect of forearm Radial- inner aspect of wrist, above thumb Femoral- inner aspect of the upper thigh Popliteal- behind the knee Dorsalis pedis- at the top of the foot arch ( pulse is usually taken over the radial artery)

14. Ranges Adults- 60-100 Children aged over 7 years: 70-100 Children aged 1-7: 80-110 Infants 100-160 Bradycardia: under 60 Tachycardia: over 100 except children

15. Arrythmia Irregular or abnormal rhythm Usually caused by a defect in the electrical conduction system of the heart Strength observed also: strong, weak thready or bounding Various factors affect pulse Drugs, excitement, fever, exercise

16. Recording pulse Palm turned down Use tips of first two or three fingers Locate pulse on the thumb side of wrist Do not use your thumb Locate pulse and exert slight pressure and begin counting for a full minute and record Note rate, rhythm, volume, date and time when recording

17. Apical pulse Taken with a stethoscope over the apex of the heart Two sounds heard: lubb-dupp One heart beat Sounds caused by closing of the heart valves as the heart beats and blood flows thru the chambers of the heart Pulse deficit is the difference between the apical rate and the radial rate Caused by heart disease not enough blood being pumped thru the heart to produce a pulse Place stethoscope 2-3 inches to the left of the breastbone below the nipple line

18. Respiration Rate that a person breaths during process of taking oxygen into the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide Count for one minute by observing rise and fall of the chest with each breath Also check regularity and character. Normal range is 12-20 Children range is 16-30 Infants 30-50 Do not make pt aware that you are recording respiration.

19. Character of respirations Deep, shallow, labored, moist and difficult Abnormal respirations usually indicate lung problems Dyspnea- difficult breathing Apnea- absence of breathing Tachyapnea- >25 breaths per minute Bradyapnea- <10 breaths per minute Orthopnea- difficult breathing in any position other than erect or standing Cheyne –Stokes- periods of dyspnea followed by periods of apnea (frequently noted in the dying pt) Rales- bubbly or noisy sounds caused by fluid or mucus in the air passages Wheezing – high pitch sounds Cyanosis -dusky bluish color of the skin and lips

20. Blood pressure Measurement of the pressure that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries during various stages of heart activity Read in millimeters of mercury Sphygmomanometer Two types of blood pressure: systolic and diastolic.

21. Systolic blood pressure Pressure occurs in the walls of the arteries when the heart is contracting and pushing blood into the arteries Normal reading is 120 Range: 100-120

22. Diastolic blood pressure Pressure that is constant against the walls of the arteries when the heart is at rest and between contractions. Blood volume in the arteries has decreased Normal reading is 80 Range is 60-80

23. B/P Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure Normal range is 30-50 Hypertension: high blood pressure >140/90. Causes; stress, anxiety, disease of kidney or thyroid, obesity Hypotension: low blood pressure<100/60. causes; heart failure, dehydration, depression, severe burns, shock and bleeding. Other factors influencing B/P are: disease, excitement, drugs, exercise, rest/sleep, positioning

24. Prehypertension 120- 139/ 80-89 Hypertension is called the silent killer Factors that may influence B/P are: sleep, meds, exercise, force of the heart beat, elasticity of the arteries, hemorrhage, shock, dehydration Orthostatic hypotension—sudden drop from sitting to standing—inability of blood vessels to compensate quick enough

25. Taking a blood pressure reading Place pt in comfortable position Place appropriate size cuff on patients arm between shoulder and 1-1.1/2inches above the elbow and over the brachial artery Find the brachial artery and place the stethoscope over the artery Inflate the cuff to approximately 160mm Hg or 30 mm Hg above the palpatory pulse. Slowly release the air from the cuff and note the first sound on the manometer and this is your systolic pressure. Note when the sound stops and this is your diastolic reading. At this point release the air quickly from the cuff.