1. Objectives Finish air cleaner problem Measure ventilation rates Focus on smaller buildings

2. Measuring air exchange rates Two general strategies to get λ Direct measurement Tracer gas (constant injection or decay) Apply well-mixed reactor model Indirect measurement Blower door Apply infiltration model

3. Tracer Gas Testing Release gas and measure concentration Use model to estimate ventilation rate Properties of a tracer Nontoxic Non-reactive (chemically inert) Not present at significant concentrations in typical environments Easy to measure over wide concentration range

4. Common tracers SF 6 ppm with IR absorption ppb with GC/ECD Tracers of chance (eg. CO 2 )

5. Tracer Gas Decay Test Seed tracer gas Mix well Aim for 10 samples over ~1 time constant Use reactor model to predict concentrations

6. Decay Test Advantages Don’t need to release precise amount Don’t need to measure volume (if you just want air exchange rate) Disadvantages Need to keep building well-mixed Recontamination from buffer spaces House needs to stay in one condition for entire test

7. Murray and Burmaster (1995) Risk Analysis

8. Constant Injection Continuously release known amount of tracer gas into space Continuously mix air Use model to determine air exchange rate

9. Constant Injection Advantages Can determine time-dependence of air exchange rates Disadvantages Need to keep building well-mixed Recontamination from buffer spaces Need to have mass flow controller Typically uses more tracer gas Need to measure volume

10. Common problems Contamination from buffer spaces HW #2 Problem 3 (last year)

11. Summary Tracer gas can be used to measure ventilation rate Assumes reactor model Constant injection or decay Measures ventilation rate at time of test Varies with time, ΔT,wind

12. Fan Pressurization – The Early Years In 1970s, smoke evacuation fans used to find air leakage 1.Install blower door 2.Use fan to create artificial pressure difference between inside and outside 3.Use smoke stick (or cigarette, etc.) to visualize flow patterns. 4.Seal leaks

15. Ref: Home Energy Magazine, 1995

16. Limitations Flow rate (can use multiple fans…) Not good for complex leakage paths Multizone buildings Does not give you air exchange rate Independent of wind, ΔT, time Useful for comparison of different buildings

17. Blower Door (quantitative)

19. Procedure for Blower door test 1.Install blower door 2.Use fan to create artificial pressure difference between inside and outside 3.Measure flow at several inside-outside pressure differences 4.Find n and C

20. Ref: Sherman and Dickerhoff (1994, 1998)

22. Residential Component Leakage ComponentRangeAverage Walls18-50%35% Ceilings3-3013 Windows/Doors6-2215 Fireplaces0-3012 HVAC3-2818 Other Vents2-125

23. Reporting blower door data Flow (or air exchange rate) at a given pressure Why is air exchange rate preferable? Leakage Area What units are c in?

24. Where does that leave us? ELA is at specific reference pressure. So, use LBL model and improvements to get infiltration and ventilation rates ASHRAE 2001 Handbook of Fundamentals 26.21-26.24 Requires L, ∆T, wind and shelter information More advanced forms require distribution of leakage

25. LBL Model Ref: Sherman (1992) Indoor Air Q = Ventilation air flow (CFM) A L = ELA from blower door test (in 2 ) C s = stack coefficient f(height) (CFM 2 /(in 4 °F)) Δt = temperature difference (°F) C w = wind coefficient f(height, shielding) (CFM 2 /(in 4 mph)) Ref: ASHRAE Fundamentals (2001) ch. 26

26. Summary In order to measure air exchange rates Need to use direct tracer gas measurements to get a snapshot of λ Use reactor model Need to use a blower door to compare to other buildings Use LBL (or other) model to get λ