1. Intelligence

2. Defining Intelligent Behavior
What is intelligence?
Intelligence
the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
Intelligence Tests
tests devised to identify a person’s level of intelligence

3. Measuring Intelligence
Mental age
the average age of children taking the Binet test who achieved the same score
Chronological age
physical age

4. Measuring Intelligence
IQ=MA x 100 CA

6. Tests of IQ Stanford-Binet Test
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III)

7. Achievement and Aptitude Tests
Achievement Test
a test meant to ascertain a person’s level of knowledge in a given subject area
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s ability in a particular area or line of work
SAT, ACT

8. Reliability and Validity
the concept that tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure
Validity
the concept that tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure
Norms
standards of test performance

9. Alternative Formulations of Intelligence
G or G-factor
an early theory that assumed there was a general factor for mental ability
Fluid Intelligence
reflects reasoning, memory, and information processing capabilities
Crystallized Intelligence
information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience

10. Alternative Formulations of Intelligence
Gardner’s Seven Intelligences:
Musical intelligence
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
Logical-math intelligence
Linguistic intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence

11. Contemporary Approaches

13. Variations in Intellectual Ability
Mental Retardation
a significantly subaverage intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in two or more of the adaptive skill areas

14. Variations in Intellectual Ability
mild retardation
IQ = 55-69
moderate retardation
IQ = 40-54
profound retardation
IQ below 25

15. Variations in Intellectual Ability
Causes of mental retardation
identifiable biological reason (e.g. Down’s Syndrome)
familial retardation
Care and Treatment
least restrictive environment
mainstreaming
full inclusion

16. Variations in Intellectual Ability
The Intellectually Gifted
two to four percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130
social stereotypes of gifted people

17. Individual Differences in Intelligence
Are traditional IQ tests culturally biased?
Are there racial differences in intelligence?
To what degree is intelligence influenced by the environment and to what degree by heredity?

18. The Relative Influence of Heredity and of Environment
Culture-fair IQ test
a test that does not discriminate against members of any minority group
Heritability
a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors

20. The Flynn Effect