1. Force Diagrams And Types of Forces

2. Review Force = push or pull. Measured in Newtons. –1 lb = 4.45 N F net = ma a = F net / m Big force = big acceleration Big mass = small acceleration An object’s motion is constant UNLESS a force is applied. –Constant velocity = NO NET FORCE!

3. Types of Forces Two general classes of force: –Contact forces –Action-at-a-distance forces Some contact forces –friction, F f –tension, F t –normal force, F N –drag (air resistance), F d –applied force, F a –spring force, F s Some action-at-a-distance forces –gravitational force (weight), F g or F w –electric force, F E –magnetic force, F M

4. Weight Weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity. Weight = mass x gravity –F–F w = mg –A–Always oriented downward On Earth, g = 9.81 m/s 2 –W–Weight changes based on location.

5. Weight of a 50-kg Mass on Selected Bodies Location Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Jupiter (cloudtops) Saturn (cloudtops) Pluto Sun g (m/s 2 ) 3.73 8.90 9.81 1.62 3.70 23.3 10.4 0.651 266 Weight (N) 185 445 491 81.4 185 1160 522 32.8 13,300 Weight (lb) 41.6 99.9 110. 18.2 41.5 261 117 7.30 2980 x Earth 0.380 0.907 1.00 0.165 0.377 2.38 1.06 0.0664 27.1

6. Normal Force Normal force – exerted by a surface against an object resting on that surface. –Always perpendicular to surface. –“Normal” means “perpendicular”. FwFw FNFN FNFN FwFw

7. Normal Force On a horiz. surface, F N = F w On a slanted surface, F N = F w cos  = mg cos  –  = angle of incline What is the weight and normal force for a box sitting on a 15º incline if the box’s mass is 150. kg? –F w = mg F w = (150. kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) F w = 1470 N –F N = F w cos  F N = (1470 N)(cos15º) F N = 1420 N

8. Weight vs. Normal Force F w = mg mg cos   mg sin  mg cos  FNFN

9. Force Diagram AKA free-body diagram. Shows all forces acting on an object. –If you can’t draw, don’t worry! –Usu. represent objects as boxes or circles for simplicity. Forces drawn as vector arrows. –Bigger arrows for bigger forces. –Only draw forces that are known or requested. –Other forces may exist but aren’t important to the problem. Label force arrows.

10. Draw a Force Diagram A box is resting on a horizontal surface. A box is sliding at constant speed across a horizontal surface. A box is hanging from a cable. A box is hanging from two cables that form an angle of 45º. A box is being pulled along a horizontal plane by a rope that forms an angle of 45º with the floor. A box is sliding down a frictionless ramp. A box is sliding down a ramp with friction.