1. Lecture 3 – Selection

2. Outline Recall selection control structure Types of selection One-way selection Two-way selection Multi-selection Compound statement Nested if Conditional operator Switch structure

3. RECALL.. Selection structure Used to choose among alternative courses of action C has three types: if, if.. else, and switch

4. The if selection structure if structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure true false grade >= 60 print “Passed” If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed”

5. The if..else selection structure Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is true and when it is false truefalse print “Failed”print “Passed” grade >= 60 If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed” else Print “Failed”

6. Selection Statements Used to control the flow of a program Also called as decision or branches Branches are conditions or choices used to enable selection of program flow

7. Types of selection One-way selection = if Two-way selection = if..else Multi-selection Nested if Switch structure = switch

8. One-way Selection = if In C, a condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression true and false are logical (Boolean) values The syntax of one-way selection is: if (expression) { statement; } If the value of the expression is true, statement is executed if false, statement is not executed and the computer goes on to the next statement in the program.

9. One-way Selection = if true false grade >= 60 print “Passed” If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed”

10. One-way Selection = if ….. if(grade >= 60) printf(“Passed\n”); …..

11. One-way Selection = if Another example: char grade; …… if(markah>= 90) grade = 'A'; …… …... printf(“Grade is : %c\n”, grade);

12. One-way Selection = if Another example: If temperature is greater than 70 degree and it is not raining, the recommended activity is golfing bool rain=false; … if((temp > 70) && !(rain)) printf(“recommended activity is golfing”);

13. One-way Selection = if Two Common Mistakes if score >= 90//no parentheses grade = 'A'; if(score >= 90);//; not here grade = 'A';

14. Exercises (if statement) Write C codes for the following: if x is not equal to zero then divide y by x and the result is stored at z adds x to a variable sum if x is positive if x is positive, adds x to sum but in addition it adds 1 to a variable poscount Convert the pseudocode to C codes: Prompt the user for age, display this sentence "Wow! You're really old!" if the age is greater than 40.

15. Two-way Selection = if..else The syntax of two-way selection is: if (expression) statement1; else statement2; If the value of the expression is true, statement1 is executed; if false, statement2 is executed

16. Two-way Selection = if..else truefalse print “Failed” print “Passed” grade >= 60 If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed” else Print “Failed”

17. Two-way Selection = if..else ……… if(grade >=60) printf(“Passed\n”); else printf(“Failed\n”); ……

18. Two-way Selection = if..else Another example: if (hours > 40.0)//Line 1 wages = 40.0 * rate +1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0);//Line 2 else//Line 3 wages = hours * rate;//Line 4 If hours is 50, then the statement at Line 2 is executed/performed If hours is 30, then the statement at Line 4 is executed/performed

19. Exercises (if statement) Write C codes for the following: if x is not equal to zero then divide y by x and the result is stored at z, else otherwise display an error message if x is positive, adds x to sum_pos but in addition it adds 1 to a variable poscount. if x is negative, adds x to sum_neg but in addition it adds 1 to a variable negcount If a is greater than b, give appropriate output, else give another message

20. Multi-selection = if-else if The syntax is: if(exp1) {stmt1;} else if(exp2) {stmt2;} else if(exp3) {stmt3; … } else {stmt n;} stmt x; An if-else if control structure shifts program control, step by step,through a series of statement blocks.

21. Example int testscore = 76; char grade; if (testscore >= 90) { grade = 'A'; } else if (testscore >= 80) { grade = 'B'; } else if (testscore >= 70) { grade = 'C'; } else if (testscore >= 60) { grade = 'D'; } else { grade = 'F'; } printf(“Grade: %c ”, grade);

22. Examples 1. Let us consider an example of grading the students in an academic institution. The grading is done according to the following rules: Average marks Grade 80-100 Honours 60- 79 First Division 50- 59 Second Division 40- 49 Third Division 0- 39 Fail 2. Increments count1 if 0 <= x < 0.25, increments count2 if 0.25 <= x < 0.5, increments count3 if 0.5 <= x < 0.75 and increments count4 if 0.75 <= x< 1. Assume that a real variable x is known to be greater than or equal to zero and less than one.

23. Multi-selection = if-else if E.g. tempdisplay >30 0 chot 20-30 0 cmild 10-19 0 ccold <10 0 cvery cold temp >30 Print “hot” true false temp > 20 Print “mild” true temp >10 Print “cold” Print “very cold” true false

24. Multi-selection = if-else if if(temp > 30) printf( “hot\n”); else if((temp >=20) && (temp<=30)) printf( “mild\n”); else if(temp >=10) && (temp <= 19)) printf(“cold\n”); else printf( “very cold\n”);

25. Comparison

26. Compound (Block of) Stmt A compound statement (also called a block of statements) takes the form { statement 1; statement 2;. statement n; }

27. Compound (Block of) Stmt Example: if (age > 18) { printf("Eligible to vote.\n“); printf("No longer a minor.\n“); } else { printf("Not eligible to vote.\n“); printf(“Still a minor\n”); }

28. Nested if When one control statement is within another, it is said to be nested if (test condition1) { if (test condition 2) { statement-1; } else { statement-2; } } else { statement-3; } statement-x;

29. Nested if Eg. if (temperature >= 50) { if (temperature >= 80) printf( "Good day for swimming.\n”); else printf( "Good day for golfing.\n“); } else printf("Good day to play tennis.\n“);

30. Examples 1.Check the two numbers entered by the user, the first number must be 1, and the second number must be 2. Mission is accomplished only if both are correct. 2.Write C code for the following: If the input is ten or below ten, "below 10" will be printed. If the input is above ten, the program will go into the "else statement". In the "else statement" there is another "if statement" (this is nesting). This "if statement" checks the input again. If the input is below sixty, "below 60" will be printed.

31. Nested if Another example

32. The Conditional Operator (? :) The syntax of using the conditional operator is: expression1 ? expression2 : expression3; This is called a conditional expression. The statement: if (a >= b) max = a; else max = b; Is equivalent to the statement: max = (a >= b) ? a : b;

33. switch Structures Similar to if-else if control structure The general form (syntax): switch (expression) { case value1: statements1; break; case value2: statements2; break;. case valuen: statementsn; break; default: statements; }

34. switch Structures The break statement has a special meaning and may or may not appear after each statement. In C, switch, case, break, and default are reserved words. In a switch structure, first the expression is evaluated. The value of the expression is then used to perform the corresponding action.

35. switch Structures The expression is usually an identifier. The value of the expression can be only integral. The expression is sometimes called the selector. Its value determines which statement is selected for execution. A particular case value should appear only once. One or more statements may follow a case label, so you do not need to use braces to turn multiple statements into a single compound statement. The break statement may or may not appear after each statement.

36. switch Structures Example: switch (grade) { case 'A': printf("The grade is A.“); break; case 'B': printf("The grade is B.“); break; case 'C': printf("The grade is C.“); break; case 'D': printf("The grade is D.“); break; case 'F': printf("The grade is F.“); break; default: printf("The grade is invalid.“); } where, grade is a variable of the type char. If the value of grade is, say 'A', the output is The grade is A.

37. switch Structures The switch statement executes according to the following rules: When the value of the expression is matched against a case value (also called a label), the statements execute until either a break statement is found or the end of the switch structure is reached. If the value of the expression does not match any of the case values, the statements following the default label execute. If the switch structure has no default label, and if the value of the expression does not match any of the case values, the entire switch statement is skipped. A break statement causes an immediate exit from the switch structure

38. Examples 1.Check if got any error here, if so, correct it/them. 2. Use switch to count the number of students earned in each grade.

39. What’s wrong??

40. End Week 3 Q & A!