1. University of Washington Today Lab 2 due next Monday! Finish-up control flow Switch statements 1

2. University of Washington Typical control flow code in assembly 2 cmpl %eax,%ebx je label … label:

3. University of Washington Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Compare) Single-bit registers CF Carry Flag (for unsigned) SF Sign Flag (for signed) ZF Zero Flag OF Overflow Flag (for signed) Explicit Setting by Compare Instruction cmpl/cmpq Src2,Src1 cmpl b,a like computing a-b without setting destination  CF set if carry out from most significant bit (used for unsigned comparisons)  ZF set if a == b  SF set if (a-b) < 0 (as signed)  OF set if two’s complement (signed) overflow (a>0 && b 0 && (a-b)>0) 3

4. University of Washington Condition Codes (Explicit Setting: Test) Single-bit registers CF Carry Flag (for unsigned) SF Sign Flag (for signed) ZF Zero Flag OF Overflow Flag (for signed) Explicit Setting by Test instruction testl/testq Src2,Src1 testl b,a like computing a & b without setting destination  Sets condition codes based on value of Src1 & Src2  Useful to have one of the operands be a mask  ZF set if a&b == 0  SF set if a&b < 0  testl %eax, %eax  Sets SF and ZF, check if eax is +,0,- 4

5. University of Washington Jumping jX Instructions  Jump to different part of code depending on condition codes jXConditionDescription jmp1 Unconditional jeZF Equal / Zero jne~ZF Not Equal / Not Zero jsSF Negative jns~SF Nonnegative jg~(SF^OF)&~ZF Greater (Signed) jge~(SF^OF) Greater or Equal (Signed) jl(SF^OF) Less (Signed) jle(SF^OF)|ZF Less or Equal (Signed) ja~CF&~ZF Above (unsigned) jbCF Below (unsigned) 5

6. University of Washington Conditional Branch Example int absdiff(int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L7 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax.L8: leave ret.L7: subl %edx, %eax jmp.L8 Body1 Setup Finish Body2 6

7. University of Washington Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int absdiff(int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } 7 int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; Exit: return result; Else: result = y-x; goto Exit; } C allows “goto” as means of transferring control  Closer to machine-level programming style Generally considered bad coding style

8. University of Washington Conditional Branch Example (Cont.) int goto_ad(int x, int y) { int result; if (x <= y) goto Else; result = x-y; Exit: return result; Else: result = y-x; goto Exit; } absdiff: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp movl 8(%ebp), %edx movl 12(%ebp), %eax cmpl %eax, %edx jle.L7 subl %eax, %edx movl %edx, %eax.L8: leave ret.L7: subl %edx, %eax jmp.L8 8 int x%edx int y%eax

9. University of Washington C Code val = Test ? Then-Expr : Else-Expr ; Goto Version nt = !Test ; if (nt) goto Else; val = Then-Expr ; Done:... Else: val = Else-Expr ; goto Done; General Conditional Expression Translation  Test is expression returning integer = 0 interpreted as false  0 interpreted as true  Create separate code regions for then & else expressions  Execute appropriate one  How might you make this more efficient? result = x>y ? x-y : y-x; 9 if ( Test ) val = Then-Expr ; else val = Else-Expr ;

10. University of Washington Conditionals: x86-64 Conditional move instruction  cmovC src, dest  Move value from src to dest if condition C holds  Why is this good? absdiff: # x in %edi, y in %esi movl %edi, %eax # eax = x movl %esi, %edx # edx = y subl %esi, %eax # eax = x-y subl %edi, %edx # edx = y-x cmpl %esi, %edi # x:y cmovle %edx, %eax # eax=edx if <= ret int absdiff( int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } 10

11. University of Washington Conditionals: x86-64 Conditional move instruction  cmovC src, dest  Move value from src to dest if condition C holds  More efficient than conditional branching (simple control flow)  But overhead: both branches are evaluated absdiff: # x in %edi, y in %esi movl %edi, %eax # eax = x movl %esi, %edx # edx = y subl %esi, %eax # eax = x-y subl %edi, %edx # edx = y-x cmpl %esi, %edi # x:y cmovle %edx, %eax # eax=edx if <= ret int absdiff( int x, int y) { int result; if (x > y) { result = x-y; } else { result = y-x; } return result; } 11

12. University of Washington PC Relative Addressing 0x100 cmp r2, r3 0x1000 0x102 je 0x70 0x1002 0x104 … 0x1004 … … … 0x172 add r3, r4 0x1072 PC relative branches are relocatable Absolute branches are not 12

13. University of Washington How can we do loops with jX instructions? 13

14. University of Washington Compiling Loops How to compile other loops should be straightforward  The only slightly tricky part is to be sure where the conditional branch occurs: top or bottom of the loop 14 while ( sum != 0 ) { } loopTop: cmpl $0, %eax je loopDone jmp loopTop loopDone: Machine code:C/Java code:

15. University of Washington C Code int fact_do(int x) { int result = 1; do { result *= x; x = x-1; } while (x > 1); return result; } Goto Version int fact_goto(int x) { int result = 1; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; if (x > 1) goto loop; return result; } “Do-While” Loop Example Use backward branch to continue looping Only take branch when “while” condition holds 15

16. University of Washington Goto Version int fact_goto(int x) { int result = 1; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; if (x > 1) goto loop; return result; } “Do-While” Loop Compilation Registers: %edxx %eaxresult fact_goto: pushl %ebp# Setup movl %esp,%ebp# Setup movl $1,%eax# eax = 1 movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = x.L11: imull %edx,%eax# result *= x decl %edx# x-- cmpl $1,%edx# Compare x : 1 jg.L11# if > goto loop movl %ebp,%esp# Finish popl %ebp# Finish ret# Finish Assembly Translation? 16

17. University of Washington Goto Version int fact_goto(int x) { int result = 1; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; if (x > 1) goto loop; return result; } “Do-While” Loop Compilation Registers: %edxx %eaxresult fact_goto: pushl %ebp# Setup movl %esp,%ebp# Setup movl $1,%eax# eax = 1 movl 8(%ebp),%edx# edx = x.L11: imull %edx,%eax# result *= x decl %edx# x-- cmpl $1,%edx# Compare x : 1 jg.L11# if > goto loop movl %ebp,%esp# Finish popl %ebp# Finish ret# Finish Assembly 17

18. University of Washington C Code do Body while ( Test ); Goto Version loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop General “Do-While” Translation Body: Test returns integer = 0 interpreted as false  0 interpreted as true { Statement 1 ; Statement 2 ; … Statement n ; } 18

19. University of Washington C Code int fact_while(int x) { int result = 1; while (x > 1) { result *= x; x = x-1; }; return result; } Goto Version int fact_while_goto(int x) { int result = 1; goto middle; loop: result *= x; x = x-1; middle: if (x > 1) goto loop; return result; } “While” Loop Translation Used by GCC for both IA32 & x86-64 First iteration jumps over body computation within loop straight to test 19

20. University of Washington int fact_while(int x) { int result = 1; while (x > 1) { result *= x; x--; }; return result; } # x in %edx, result in %eax jmp.L34 # goto Middle.L35: # Loop: imull %edx, %eax # result *= x decl %edx # x--.L34: # Middle: cmpl $1, %edx # x:1 jg.L35 # if >, goto # Loop “While” Loop Example 20

21. University of Washington “For” Loop Example: Square-and-Multiply Algorithm  Exploit bit representation: p = p 0 + 2p 1 + 2 2 p 2 + … 2 n–1 p n–1  Gives: x p = z 0 · z 1 2 · (z 2 2 ) 2 · … · (…((z n –1 2 ) 2 )…) 2 z i = 1 when p i = 0 z i = x when p i = 1  Complexity O(log p) /* Compute x raised to nonnegative power p */ int ipwr_for(int x, unsigned int p) { int result; for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } return result; } n–1 times Example 3 10 = 3 2 * 3 8 = 3 2 * ((3 2 ) 2 ) 2 21

22. University of Washington ipwr Computation /* Compute x raised to nonnegative power p */ int ipwr_for(int x, unsigned int p) { int result; for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } return result; } before iteration resultx=3p=10 1 1310=1010 2 2 195= 101 2 3 9812= 10 2 4 965611= 1 2 5 59049430467210202 22

23. University of Washington “For” Loop Example for ( Init ; Test ; Update ) Body int result; for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } General Form Init result = 1 Test p != 0 Update p = p >> 1 Body { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } 23

24. University of Washington “For”  “While” for ( Init ; Test ; Update ) Body Init ; while ( Test ) { Body Update ; } Init ; goto middle; loop: Body Update ; middle: if ( Test ) goto loop; done: While Version For Version Goto Version 24

25. University of Washington For-Loop: Compilation for ( Init ; Test ; Update ) Body Init ; goto middle; loop: Body Update ; middle: if ( Test ) goto loop; done: For Version Goto Version for (result = 1; p != 0; p = p>>1) { if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; } result = 1; goto middle; loop: if (p & 0x1) result *= x; x = x*x; p = p >> 1; middle: if (p != 0) goto loop; done: 25

26. University of Washington Quick Review Complete memory addressing mode  (%eax), 17(%eax), 2(%ebx, %ecx, 8), … Arithmetic operations that do set condition codes  subl %eax, %ecx # ecx = ecx + eax  sall $4,%edx # edx = edx << 4  addl 16(%ebp),%ecx # ecx = ecx + Mem[16+ebp]  imull %ecx,%eax # eax = eax * ecx Arithmetic operations that do NOT set condition codes  leal 4(%edx,%eax),%eax # eax = 4 + edx + eax 26

27. University of Washington Quick Review x86-64 vs. IA32  Integer registers: 16 x 64-bit vs. 8 x 32-bit  movq, addq, … vs. movl, addl, …  movq -> “move quad word” or 4*16-bits  x86-64: better support for passing function arguments in registers Control  Condition code registers  Set as side effect or by cmp, test  Used:  Read out by setx instructions ( setg, setle, …)  Or by conditional jumps ( jle.L4, je.L10, … )  Or by conditional moves ( cmovle %edx, %eax ) %rax %rbx %rcx %rdx %rsi %rdi %rsp %rbp %eax %edx %ecx %ebx %esi %edi %esp %ebp %r8 %r9 %r10 %r11 %r12 %r13 %r14 %r15 %r8d %r9d %r10d %r11d %r12d %r13d %r14d %r15d CFZFSFOF 27

28. University of Washington Quick Review Do-While loop While-Do loop C Code do Body while ( Test ); Goto Version loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop While version while ( Test ) Body Do-While Version if (! Test ) goto done; do Body while( Test ); done: Goto Version if (! Test ) goto done; loop: Body if ( Test ) goto loop; done: goto middle; loop: Body middle: if ( Test ) goto loop; or 28

29. University of Washington Summarizing C Control  if-then-else  do-while  while, for  switch Assembler Control  Conditional jump  Conditional move  Indirect jump  Compiler  Must generate assembly code to implement more complex control Standard Techniques  Loops converted to do-while form  Large switch statements use jump tables  Sparse switch statements may use decision trees (see text) Conditions in CISC  CISC machines generally have condition code registers 29

30. University of Washington Switch Statement Example Multiple case labels  Here: 5, 6 Fall through cases  Here: 2 Missing cases  Here: 4 Lots to manage, we need a jump table long switch_eg (unsigned long x, long y, long z) { long w = 1; switch(x) { case 1: w = y*z; break; case 2: w = y/z; /* Fall Through */ case 3: w += z; break; case 5: case 6: w -= z; break; default: w = 2; } return w; } 30

31. University of Washington Jump Table Structure Code Block 0 Targ0: Code Block 1 Targ1: Code Block 2 Targ2: Code Block n–1 Targn-1: Targ0 Targ1 Targ2 Targn-1 JTab: target = JTab[x]; goto *target; switch(x) { case val_0: Block 0 case val_1: Block 1 case val_n-1: Block n–1 } Switch Form Approximate Translation Jump Table Jump Targets 31

32. University of Washington Jump Table Structure switch(x) { case 1: break; case 2: case 3: break; case 5: case 6: break; default: } 32 0 1 2 3 4 Jump Table Code Blocks Memory We can use the jump table when x <= 6: if (x <= 6) target = JTab[x]; goto *target; else goto default; C code: 5 6

33. University of Washington Jump Table.section.rodata.align 4.L62:.long.L61 # x = 0.long.L56 # x = 1.long.L57 # x = 2.long.L58 # x = 3.long.L61 # x = 4.long.L60 # x = 5.long.L60 # x = 6 Jump table switch(x) { case 1: //.L56 w = y*z; break; case 2: //.L57 w = y/z; /* Fall Through */ case 3: //.L58 w += z; break; case 5: case 6: //.L60 w -= z; break; default: //.L61 w = 2; } 33

34. University of Washington Switch Statement Example (IA32) Setup: switch_eg: pushl %ebp# Setup movl %esp, %ebp# Setup pushl %ebx# Setup movl $1, %ebx# w = 1 movl 8(%ebp), %edx# edx = x movl 16(%ebp), %ecx# ecx = z cmpl $6, %edx# x:6 ja.L61# if > goto default jmp *.L62(,%edx,4)# goto JTab[x] long switch_eg(unsigned long x, long y, long z) { long w = 1; switch(x) {... } return w; } Translation? 34 Jump table.section.rodata.align 4.L62:.long.L61 # x = 0.long.L56 # x = 1.long.L57 # x = 2.long.L58 # x = 3.long.L61 # x = 4.long.L60 # x = 5.long.L60 # x = 6

35. University of Washington Switch Statement Example (IA32) Setup: switch_eg: pushl %ebp# Setup movl %esp, %ebp# Setup pushl %ebx# Setup movl $1, %ebx# w = 1 movl 8(%ebp), %edx# edx = x movl 16(%ebp), %ecx# ecx = z cmpl $6, %edx# x:6 ja.L61# if > goto default jmp *.L62(,%edx,4)# goto JTab[x] Indirect jump Jump table.section.rodata.align 4.L62:.long.L61 # x = 0.long.L56 # x = 1.long.L57 # x = 2.long.L58 # x = 3.long.L61 # x = 4.long.L60 # x = 5.long.L60 # x = 6 35 long switch_eg(unsigned long x, long y, long z) { long w = 1; switch(x) {... } return w; }

36. University of Washington Assembly Setup Explanation Table Structure  Each target requires 4 bytes  Base address at.L62 Jumping: different address modes for target Direct: jmp.L61  Jump target is denoted by label.L61 Indirect: jmp *.L62(,%edx,4)  Start of jump table:. L62  Must scale by factor of 4 (labels are 32-bits = 4 bytes on IA32)  Fetch target from effective address. L62 + edx*4  target = JTab[x]; goto *target; (only for 0  x  6).section.rodata.align 4.L62:.long.L61 # x = 0.long.L56 # x = 1.long.L57 # x = 2.long.L58 # x = 3.long.L61 # x = 4.long.L60 # x = 5.long.L60 # x = 6 Jump table 36

37. University of Washington Code Blocks (Partial).L61: // Default case movl $2, %ebx # w = 2 movl %ebx, %eax # Return w popl %ebx leave ret.L57: // Case 2: movl 12(%ebp), %eax # y cltd # Div prep idivl %ecx # y/z movl %eax, %ebx # w = y/z # Fall through.L58: // Case 3: addl %ecx, %ebx # w+= z movl %ebx, %eax # Return w popl %ebx leave ret switch(x) {... case 2: //.L57 w = y/z; /* Fall Through */ case 3: //.L58 w += z; break;... default: //.L61 w = 2; } 37

38. University of Washington Code Blocks (Rest).L60: // Cases 5&6: subl %ecx, %ebx # w –= z movl %ebx, %eax # Return w popl %ebx leave ret.L56: // Case 1: movl 12(%ebp), %ebx # w = y imull %ecx, %ebx # w*= z movl %ebx, %eax # Return w popl %ebx leave ret switch(x) { case 1: //.L56 w = y*z; break;... case 5: case 6: //.L60 w -= z; break;... } 38

39. University of Washington IA32 Object Code Setup  Label.L61 becomes address 0x08048630  Label.L62 becomes address 0x080488dc 08048610 :... 08048622: 77 0c ja 8048630 08048624: ff 24 95 dc 88 04 08 jmp *0x80488dc(,%edx,4) switch_eg:... ja.L61# if > goto default jmp *.L62(,%edx,4)# goto JTab[x] Assembly Code Disassembled Object Code 39

40. University of Washington IA32 Object Code (cont.) Jump Table  Doesn’t show up in disassembled code  Can inspect using GDB gdb asm-cntl (gdb) x/7xw 0x080488dc  Examine 7 hexadecimal format “words” (4-bytes each)  Use command “ help x ” to get format documentation 0x080488dc: 0x08048630 0x08048650 0x0804863a 0x08048642 0x08048630 0x08048649 40

41. University of Washington Disassembled Targets 8048630: bb 02 00 00 00 mov $0x2,%ebx 8048635: 89 d8 mov %ebx,%eax 8048637: 5b pop %ebx 8048638: c9 leave 8048639: c3 ret 804863a: 8b 45 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 804863d: 99 cltd 804863e: f7 f9 idiv %ecx 8048640: 89 c3 mov %eax,%ebx 8048642: 01 cb add %ecx,%ebx 8048644: 89 d8 mov %ebx,%eax 8048646: 5b pop %ebx 8048647: c9 leave 8048648: c3 ret 8048649: 29 cb sub %ecx,%ebx 804864b: 89 d8 mov %ebx,%eax 804864d: 5b pop %ebx 804864e: c9 leave 804864f: c3 ret 8048650: 8b 5d 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%ebx 8048653: 0f af d9 imul %ecx,%ebx 8048656: 89 d8 mov %ebx,%eax 8048658: 5b pop %ebx 8048659: c9 leave 804865a: c3 ret 41

42. University of Washington Matching Disassembled Targets 8048630: bb 02 00 00 00 mov 8048635: 89 d8 mov 8048637: 5b pop 8048638: c9 leave 8048639: c3 ret 804863a: 8b 45 0c mov 804863d: 99 cltd 804863e: f7 f9 idiv 8048640: 89 c3 mov 8048642: 01 cb add 8048644: 89 d8 mov 8048646: 5b pop 8048647: c9 leave 8048648: c3 ret 8048649: 29 cb sub 804864b: 89 d8 mov 804864d: 5b pop 804864e: c9 leave 804864f: c3 ret 8048650: 8b 5d 0c mov 8048653: 0f af d9 imul 8048656: 89 d8 mov 8048658: 5b pop 8048659: c9 leave 804865a: c3 ret 0x08048630 0x08048650 0x0804863a 0x08048642 0x08048630 0x08048649 42

43. University of Washington Would you implement this with a jump table? Question switch(x) { case 0: break; case 10: break; case 52000: break; default: break; } 43

44. University of Washington Would you implement this with a jump table? Probably not:  Don’t want a jump table with 52001 entries (too big) Question switch(x) { case 0: break; case 10: break; case 52000: break; default: break; } 44