1. Introduction to Spatial Calculation Estimation of Areas Susceptible to Flood and Soil Loss

2. Spatial Calculations Integrating multiple layers of information –Susceptibility to flood –Vulnerability to soil loss –Other examples: Land cover change (e.g., deforestation, agricultural / urban expansion)

3. Areas Susceptible to Floods Selection of certain DEM characteristics –Spatial Analyst / Extraction / Extract by Attributes Selection of a river buffer zone –Analysis Tools / Proximity / Buffer

4. Coastal Areas Susceptible to Floods Use DEMs at different resolutions to select the cells with low values

5. Inland Areas Susceptible to Floods Use rivers to define areas susceptible to inland flooding –By buffer zones –With pixels with the same elevation as the rivers –Include: past floods / historic events

6. Vulnerability to Soil Loss Prepare and combine (multiply) various layers of information –Slope Directly obtainable from a DEM –Soil erodability (k-factor) Depends on soil type and texture Inherent soil characteristics –Rain erosivity (factor-r) Obtained from annual precipitation and elevation Impact of rain’s characteristics on soil

7. Vulnerability to Soil Loss (1) DEM Slope in degrees –Verify the degree range

8. Definitions of soil types and textures –Various sources, but K-factor is needed to explain soil erodability –Frequently, soil data is presented with vectors Vulnerability to Soil Loss (2)

9. Rain erosivity (R-factor) is a calculation expressed by equations derived for different areas in terms of annual precipitation and elevation Vulnerability to Soil Loss (3)

10. Vulnerability to soil loss spatial expression is a multiplication of: –Slope –K-factor (soil erodability) –R-factor (rain erosivity) More or less weight can be given to different factors, according to the circumstances of the area of interest Vulnerability to Soil Loss (4) xx

11. Summarize and apply these results How do we summarize this information? Application: –Susceptibility to natural disasters –Land degradation

12. Summarize the results Why do we use the basin as a unit of measurement? ?

13. How to present the results Generating summary reports for geo-spatial data

14. Summary Justification For whom or why summarize? What to summarize? – results generated or obtained Where to summarize? –think spatially How to summarize? – the tools

15. For whom or why summarize? Other investigators, decision makers, politicians, students, the public A raster does not always present the conclusion desired The conclusions have to matter to the audience

16. ¿Summarize what? –Land cover / land use –Flow accumulation –Areas susceptible to floods –Soil loss vulnerability –Susceptibility to natural disasters

17. ¿Where to Summarize? Summarize rasters by area of interest –Points Pour point City –Lines Rivers Roads –Polygons Watersheds Municipalities

18. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality

19. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality

20. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality UseSurface (ha) Surface (%) FALSE BASIN Primary forest 6007.50 Secondary forest 4005.00 Scrub Shrub 600075.0 Bare soil2002.50 Pasture2002.50 Urban1001.25 Agriculture5006.25

21. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality

22. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Fuente: CATHALAC 2008

23. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality

24. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Source: Atlas, SINAPROC

25. What and Where? Land cover / Land use LineGallery forest Polygon Cover by basin or province Flow accumulationPointDischarge point Flood susceptible areas PointCity LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Vulnerability to soil loss LineSusceptible roads Polygon Susceptibility by municipality Source: Atlas, SINAPROC

26. How to Summarize? Tools –Extract Values to Points –Zonal Statistics –Tabulate Area

27. Discharge Points Summarize flow accumulation in a list of discharge points –Extract values to point –Not only useful for flow accumulation, but also for any other result related to water, sediment, and nutrient/pollutant transport

28. Percentage of Forest Cover Calculate the forest cover percentage inside each watershed –Tabulate Area –Discrete data –Join this table to the spatial data through a shared ID

29. Vulnerability to Soil Loss Summarize the vulnerability by watershed, or inside any polygon –Continuous data –Zonal statistics

30. Vulnerability to Soil Loss Other uses for Zonal Statistics –Municipal population estimates –Others?