1. Efficient RDF Storage and Retrieval in Jena2 Written by: Kevin Wilkinson, Craig Sayers, Harumi Kuno, Dave Reynolds Presented by: Umer Fareed 파리드

2. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

3. Introduction Semantic Web programmer’s Toolkit Open-source project grown out of HP Labs Semantic Web Programme Offers a simple abstraction of the RDF graph as its central internal interface Supports a number of database engines (e.g., Postgresql, MySQL, Oracle) A flexible architecture that facilitate porting to new SQL database engines

4. Introduction Facilitates experimentation with different database layouts. Jena2 : Second generation of Jena New internal architecture and capabilities Minimizes changes in API Maintains persistent storage Addresses performance and scaling issues in Jena1

5. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

6. Overview of Jena Jena1 provided rich API for manipulating RDF graphs User can choose to store RDF graphs in memory or in databases In Jena2, architecture was modified to achieve two goals:  Provide a simple minimalist view of the RDF graph  Allow easy access to, and manipulation of, data in graphs enabling the data to be exposed as triples

7. Overview of Jena Jena2 Architectural Overview

8. At abstract level, Jena2 storage implement three operations:  statement, to remove an RDF statement from the database;  find add statement, to store an RDF statement in a database;  delete operation; to retrieve all statements that match a pattern of the form where each S, P, O is either a constant or a don’t-care Overview of Jena

9. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 persistence Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

10. Overview of RDF RDF is a W3C standard Means of expressing and exchanging semantic metadata RDF was originally designed for the representation and processing of metadata about remote information sources Provides a simple tuple model,, to express all knowledge

11. Provide some predefined basic properties such as type, class, subclass, etc. RDF permits resources to be associated with arbitrary properties Statements associating a resource with new properties and values may be added to an RDF fact base at any time. Require efficient and flexible mapping to provide persistent storage Overview of RDF

12. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

13. Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Storing Arbitrary RDF Statements in Jena1  Jena1 use two different database schemas ; 1.Relational Databases 2.Berkeley Database  For relational databases, the schema consisted of a statement table, a literals table and a resources table  For Berkeley DB, all parts of a statement were stored in a single row

14. S torage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2  Each statement was stored three times: once indexed by subject, once by predicate and once by object  Berkeley DB schema used a single access method to store statements  Jena graphs stored using Berkeley DB were observed to be faster than graphs stored in relational databases

15. Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena1 Schema (Normalized)

16. Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Storing Arbitrary RDF Statements in Jena2 oJena2 schema trades-off space for time oUses a denormalized schema in which resource URIs and simple literal values are stored directly in the statement table A separate literals table is only used to store literal values A separate resources table is used to store long URIs Many find operations without a join are possible by storing values directly in the statement table

17. Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Schema (Denormalized)

18. Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 A denormalized schema uses more database space because the same value (literal or URI) is stored repeatedly Jena1 and Jena2 permit multiple graphs to be stored in a single database instance Jena2 supports the use of multiple statement tables in a single database so that applications can flexibly map graphs to different tables Use of multiple statement tables may improve performance through better locality and caching

19. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

20. Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Persistent Architecture is implemented using Specialized Graph Interface  Persistence layer presents a Graph interface to the higher levels of Jena supporting the usual Graph operations of add, delete and find  Each logical graph is implemented using an ordered list of specialized graphs  An operation on the entire logical graph, such as add, delete or find, is processed by invoking add, delete, find on each specialized graph

21. Jena2 Architecture  Results of the individual operations are combined and returned as the result for the entire graph  An operation can be completely processed for the entire graph by one specialized graph resulting in process optimization  Each specialized graph maps the graph operations onto appropriate tables in the database  Many-to-one mapping between specialized graphs and database tables

22. Jena2 Architecture Graphs Comprise Specialized Graphs Over Tables

23. Database Driver  The driver is responsible for data definition operations such as database initialization, table creation and deletion, allocating database identifiers  Responsible for mapping graph objects between their Java representation and their database encoding.  Use a combination of static and dynamically generated SQL for data manipulation  Maintains a cache of prepared SQL statements to reduce the overhead of query compilation Jena2 Architecture

24. Configuration and Meta-Graphs  Configuration parameters are specified as RDF statements.  A meta-graph, a separate, auxiliary RDF graph containing metadata about each logical graph is associated with each Jena2 persistent store  Meta-graph may be queried just as any other Jena graph but, unlike other graphs, it may not be modified and it does not support reification.  Meta-graph may also specify additional property, property-class tables and indexes Jena2 Architecture

25. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

26. Jena2 Query Processing Two forms of Jena Querying:  Find Processing  RDQL Processing  In find querying, the find operation returns all statements satisfying a pattern.  In Jena1, a find pattern is evaluated with a single SQL select query over the statement table.  For pattern evaluation in Jena2, the pattern is passed to each specialized graph handler. The results are concatenated and returned to the application

27. Jena2 Query Processing  An RDQL query in Jena1 is converted into a pipeline of find patterns connected by join variables  Query is evaluated in a nested-loops fashion by using the result of a find operation over one pattern  Generation of patterns for new find operations Goal of Jena2 query processing is to convert multiple triple patterns into a single query for evaluation by the database engine

28. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

29. Miscellaneous Topics Jena2 Performance Toolkit  Explore various layout options and understand performance trade-offs Jena Transaction Management  The underlying database needs to support transactions Bulk Load  Significant reduction in the time to load persistent graphs

30. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

31. Related Work Jena2 schema design  Supports a denormalized schema used for storing generic triple statements as well as  Property tables to store subject-value pairs related by arbitrarily specified properties  Provides an efficient implementation for reification  Most systems support only a fixed set of underlying tables that implement a (non- schema-specific) generic store

32. Performance measurements indicate that the denormalized schema of Jena2 is twice as fast for many operations than the normalized schema of Jena1 Jena2 algorithm is a modest improvement over the Jena1 nested-loops approach RDQL query processing An important enhancement in Jena2 for typed literals will be to store them as native SQL types rather as strings. Support for OWL and reasoning in Jena2. Future Work

33. Outline Introduction Overview of Jena Overview of RDF Storage Schema for Jena1 and Jena2 Jena2 Architecture Jena2 Query Processing Miscellaneous Topics Related and Future Work Conclusion

34. Jena2 supports application-specific schema Retains the flexibility to store arbitrary graphs Use of property-class tables beneficial for query languages that expose higher-level abstractions to applications More work needed on efficient algorithms query processing and optimization