1. Bacterial Virulence Factors Some bacteria have certain cell parts that help them to invade other organisms better. These are called virulence factors. Some of these features are common to protists and fungi also. Can you recognise the ones shown on the next slide?

2. A B D Cell Parts Flagellum - motion Cell Wall – protection, invasion, evasion Ribosome – production of toxins/attachment proteins on cell wall Cilia - motion

4. Spores

5. Gram’s Stain

6. Toxins Some bacteria produce toxins which can cause further damage to cells or disruption to cellular activities: –Eg. tetanus disease caused by infection with Clostridium tetani which produces the tetanus toxin, causing all muscles to remain flexed by binding and blocking neurotransmitter receptors –Eg. Botulism disease caused by food-borne infection with Clostridium botulinum which produces the botulinum toxin (botox) that relaxes nerves and prevents them from firing

7. Gram + bacillus Gram - coccus Giardia

9. Colonies

10. Growth Requirements Oxygen: –Aerobic –Anaerobic Nutrients –Sugar –Carbon –Minerals –Sulphur –Vitamins Moisture Temperature

11. Reproduction Binary Fission Spores

12. Pili – genetic transfer/communication