1. Blood Anatomy Ch. 12

3. Average adult has 5L of blood Average adult has 5L of blood Cells form mostly in bone marrow Cells form mostly in bone marrow Fig 12.1 Fig 12.1 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/595 3-blood-a-comparison-of-blood-cells- video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/595 3-blood-a-comparison-of-blood-cells- video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/595 3-blood-a-comparison-of-blood-cells- video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/595 3-blood-a-comparison-of-blood-cells- video.htm

4. Blood composition A sample is 45% cells: A sample is 45% cells: –Mostly red blood cells –Some white bc and platelets 55% is plasma, a clearish liquid 55% is plasma, a clearish liquid –Complex mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, electrolytes and wastes

5. Red Blood Cells

6. Erythrocytes The shape (biconcave disks) increases surface area where gases can diffuse The shape (biconcave disks) increases surface area where gases can diffuse Each rbc is 1/3 hemoglobin (by volume) Each rbc is 1/3 hemoglobin (by volume) Do not have nuclei, so they can’t divide or make proteins; gives them more space for hemoglobin. Do not have nuclei, so they can’t divide or make proteins; gives them more space for hemoglobin.

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8. Blood color Color comes from hemoglobin (iron) Color comes from hemoglobin (iron) When it combines with O 2, it turns bright red, and when it releases it, turns darker. When it combines with O 2, it turns bright red, and when it releases it, turns darker.

9. # of rbc determines oxygen-carrying capacity # of rbc determines oxygen-carrying capacity Athletes have higher levels Athletes have higher levels Men- ~5.5 million per mm3 Men- ~5.5 million per mm3 Women- ~5 million per mm3 Women- ~5 million per mm3

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11. RBCs Avg lifespan is 4 months Avg lifespan is 4 months In high altitudes, more rbcs are formed In high altitudes, more rbcs are formed Fig. 12.3 Fig. 12.3 Vitamin B 12 and folic acid influence rbc production Vitamin B 12 and folic acid influence rbc production

12. Iron is required

13. Anemia Too little hemoglobin or rbc’s Too little hemoglobin or rbc’s Appear pale Appear pale and lack and lack energy energy

14. Anemia

15. White Blood Cells

16. Leukocytes Protects against disease and infections Protects against disease and infections white blood cells - Google Video white blood cells - Google Video white blood cells - Google Video white blood cells - Google Video

17. 5 types of wbc (Table 12.1) 1. Neutrophils: eats small particles 1. Neutrophils: eats small particles 2. Eosinophils: kills parasites, controls inflammation 2. Eosinophils: kills parasites, controls inflammation 3. Basophils: releases heparin and histamine 3. Basophils: releases heparin and histamine

18. Wbc’s cont. 4. Monocyte: eats larger particles 4. Monocyte: eats larger particles 5. Lymphocyte: provides immunity 5. Lymphocyte: provides immunity

19. WBC counts Usu. 5000-10,000 per cubic mL Usu. 5000-10,000 per cubic mL Changes in response to infection/sickness Changes in response to infection/sickness

20. Functions of WBC Make antibodies that destroy or disable foreign particles Make antibodies that destroy or disable foreign particles Can leave blood stream to fight infections Can leave blood stream to fight infections

21. Leukemia Too many WBCs and too few RBCs Too many WBCs and too few RBCs Cancer of the blood Cancer of the blood Different types of leukemia Different types of leukemia With treatment, 50-80% of patients enter remission With treatment, 50-80% of patients enter remission

25. Platelets Thrombocytes Thrombocytes Fragments of large blood cells in red bone marrow Fragments of large blood cells in red bone marrow Lack nuclei Lack nuclei

26. Platelets They help close breaks in vessels They help close breaks in vessels Help form scabs and initiate clots Help form scabs and initiate clots

27. Blood Plasma About 92% water, straw colored liquid About 92% water, straw colored liquid Has 3 main proteins: albumin, globulin, and fibrinogin Has 3 main proteins: albumin, globulin, and fibrinogin Table 12.2 Table 12.2

28. Hemostasis-stopping bleeding Platelets adhere to any rough surface, collagen, and each other Platelets adhere to any rough surface, collagen, and each other This forms a plug to stop small breaks This forms a plug to stop small breaks Larger breaks may require a clot (Fig. 12.12) Larger breaks may require a clot (Fig. 12.12)

29. Coagulation Causes a blood to clot Causes a blood to clot Anticoagulants-keep it from clotting Anticoagulants-keep it from clotting Most clots disappear with time (will dissolve in moving blood) Most clots disappear with time (will dissolve in moving blood)

30. Blood groups

31. Surface molecules-antigens Surface molecules-antigens Proteins-antibodies Proteins-antibodies Everyone has either A, B, AB, or O blood Everyone has either A, B, AB, or O blood

32. ABO blood group Based on 2 major antigens: A and B, on rbc membranes Based on 2 major antigens: A and B, on rbc membranes Type A person has only A antigen Type A person has only A antigen AB person has both antigens AB person has both antigens O person has neither antigen O person has neither antigen

34. Table 12.4 Blood typeAntigenAntibody Blood typeAntigenAntibody AAAnti-B AAAnti-B BBAnti-B BBAnti-B ABA and BNeither anti-A nor anti-B ABA and BNeither anti-A nor anti-B ONeitherBoth ONeitherBoth

35. Therefore: An antibody of one type will react with an antigen of the same type, and clump, which is bad An antibody of one type will react with an antigen of the same type, and clump, which is bad This is why someone w/ type A blood can’t receive type B or AB blood This is why someone w/ type A blood can’t receive type B or AB blood

37. Giving blood (Table 12.5) Since type AB lacks both antibodies, they can receive any blood type Since type AB lacks both antibodies, they can receive any blood type AB people are universal recipients AB people are universal recipients Type O lacks antigens A and B, so it can be transferred to anyone. Type O lacks antigens A and B, so it can be transferred to anyone. Type O people are universal donors Type O people are universal donors

39. Rh factor Rh antigens named after rhesus monkey (1 st studied in them) Rh antigens named after rhesus monkey (1 st studied in them) It is an antigen It is an antigen + if it has it + if it has it - if not - if not

40. Hemophilia Blood doesn’t clot normally (missing a protein) Blood doesn’t clot normally (missing a protein) Is genetic, and usually only occurs in males Is genetic, and usually only occurs in males