2. & Beyond

3. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear proliferation]  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist & command economy vs. Democratic & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

4. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. - Sir Winston Churchill, 1946  Established 1945  Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe develop as buffer between Democracies of Western Europe

5. Truman Doctrine [1947] 1.Civil 1.Civil War in Greece. 2.Turkey 2.Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 3.The 3.The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. 4.The 4.The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

6. Marshall Plan [1948] 1.“European Recovery Program.” 2.Secretary of State, George Marshall 3.The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4.$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

7. Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Communist takeover of China in 1949

8. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

9. Warsaw Pact (1955) }U.S.S.R. }Albania }Bulgaria }Czechoslovakia }East Germany }Hungary }Poland }Rumania

10. Korean War -1950-53 Korean War -1950-53 A divided Korea led to war, separated family members, and cost a million lives, including 48,000 Americans. A divided Korea led to war, separated family members, and cost a million lives, including 48,000 Americans. Created divided Korea: North (Communist) South (Democratic) Created divided Korea: North (Communist) South (Democratic) Vietnam War -1963-1972 Vietnam War -1963-1972 Three million people died in the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans. Three million people died in the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans. Communist -supported North defeated US-supported South Communist -supported North defeated US-supported South The Cold War was very costly in lives.

11. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

12. Berlin Wall (1961) Divided the city into communist East Berlin and free (democratic) West Berlin Historic symbol of Communism Taken down in 1989

13. Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro led a communist takeover of Cuba Feared U.S. b/c of close proximity Bay of Pigs Invasion - U.S. attempted to remove Castro U.S. trained Cuban refugees, failed due to U.S. not providing air support

14. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

15. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

16. We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

17. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

18. Conflicts of the Cold War Nicaragua (1979) – Contra’s (U.S. Supported) vs. Sandinistas (Communist Supported) –Iran/ Contra Affair Afghanistan (1979) –Soviet attempt to take over Afghanistan with communism & military –Defeated by Tribal Rebels (U.S. Supported) El Salvador (1982) –Revolution between dictatorships and socialist backed guerillas. –U.S. supported military dictatorships

19. Soviet Communism vs. Chinese Communism

20. Political Systems and their characteristics: 1.Theocracy – Government run by religious leaders 2.Absolute Monarchy – Ruler w/ complete authority 3.Democracy – Government in which the people hold the power 4.Republic – Government where officials are chosen by the people 5.Oligarchy – Government where the ruling power belongs to a few people 6.Limited Monarchy – Government where a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s power 7.Totalitarianism – Government where a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives

21. Factors that led to Communism in China Japanese Imperialism  extreme devastation of Chinese cities and the economy by the Japanese invasion during WW II  Bayonetting practice  Public executions  Live human dissections

22. Japanese Aggression 1931 - 1945

23. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai

24. The Japanese Invasion 1937

25. Japanese Bayonet Practice

26. Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted by Japanese Soldiers

27. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

28. Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

29. UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

30. Factors that led to Communism in China Communist Revolution, 1946-1949  A civil war between Mao Zedong’s Communist Red Army and Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) national forces at the end of WWII  Soviet Union supported the Red Army (Mao)  U.S. supported the Nationalist Army (Chain Kai- shek)

31. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

32. Factors that led to Communism in China  Mao defeated the nationalists in 1949  Established a Communist government on the mainland  The Nationalist retreated to Taiwan  Communists took over Tibet in 1950

34. Great Leap Forward, 1958 ► 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry ► Communes  groups of people who live & work together  property held in common  had production quotas ► Failed due to poor quality of products & poor weather hurt agriculture

35. Communist China Under Mao ► Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society ► Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place ► Schools shut down & students revolted ► Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

36. Communism Comparisons Soviet: Proletariat (worker) Revolution Five-Year Plan(s) Great Purges Industrialization Chinese: Peasant Revolution Great Leap Forward Red Guards Agrarian Society

37. Soviet vs. Chinese Contributing factor: Extreme devastation of cities and the economy by Japanese invasion during WWII Chinese

38. Soviet vs. Chinese Contributing factor: inequality of the classes, famine, and devastation during WWI. Soviet

39. Soviet vs. Chinese One-party totalitarian state Both

40. Soviet vs. Chinese Civil War between Communists and Nationalist Both

41. Soviet vs. Chinese Proletariat (worker) revolution Soviet

42. Soviet vs. Chinese Communist government established in 1949 Chinese

43. Soviet vs. Chinese Peasant revolution Chinese

44. Soviet vs. Chinese Five-Year Plan Soviet

45. Soviet vs. Chinese Great Leap Forward Chinese

46. Soviet vs. Chinese Great Purges Soviet

47. Soviet vs. Chinese Red Guards Chinese

48. Soviet vs. Chinese Took over Tibet in 1950 Chinese

49. Soviet vs. Chinese Collectivization: the pooling of resources to increase efficiency Both

50. Soviet vs. Chinese Industrial Economy Soviet

51. Soviet vs. Chinese Agrarian (agriculture) society Chinese

52. Soviet vs. Chinese Maintained control over satellite states in Central an Eastern Europe Soviet