1. Chapter 3 People and Ideas on the Move

2. The Indo Europeans  Nomadic people from steppes (dry grasslands) of Russia  Indo European language (chart p. 61) – ancestors of many modern languages  Migrated to India  Hittites used chariots, iron

3. Aryans  Settled in Indus Valley  Unlike previous Indus dwellers, Aryans were lighter, had no writing, were pastoral, not city dwellers  Caste (class) system develops  4 groups (priests, rulers & warriors, peasants & traders, laborers)  Determined how they lived, who they married, etc.  Outcasts or “untouchables” – butchers, gravediggers, trash collectors, etc.

4. Hinduism Evolves  Collection of beliefs; no specific founder or single set of ideas; many gods  Brahman – world soul  Moksha – perfect understanding  Reincarnation – rebirth until understanding is achieved  Karma – good or bad deeds  Vedas – collection of stories

5. Buddhism  Siddhartha Gautama – noble family  Age 29 – saw suffering outside palace – source of suffering was desire for material things  Sought enlightenment (wisdom)  Wandered 6 years to achieve understanding – became known as Buddha (the enlightened one)  4 Noble Truths (p.69)  Eightfold Path (p. 69)  Could reach Nirvana – release from selfishness and pain

6. Buddhism cont.  Rejected caste system  Followers included laborers and craftspeople  Trade allowed teachings to spread throughout India & all over Southeast Asia, Korea, Japan, China

7. Seafaring Traders  Minoans – Aegean Sea (lived on Crete)  Traded over wide area  Knossos discovered late 19 th C  Revealed Minoans as artistic, athletic, women had high rank, religious, peaceful  Mysterious ending – probably earthquake & tidal wave

8. Seafaring Traders - Phoenicians  Most powerful traders  Modern day Lebanon in Middle East  Remarkable shipbuilders & seafarers  Outposts all over Mediterranean  Carthage – greatest colony (N. Africa)  Famous for purple dye – from snail!  Alphabet – great legacy – symbols represented sounds  Phonetic – one sign for one sound (p.74)

9. Judaism  From Palestine in eastern Med. (Canaan)  History contained in first 5 books of Bible (Torah) – Old Testament  God chose Abraham as father of Hebrews  Monotheistic – one god  Covenant – promise between god/Hebrews  Enslaved in Egypt – Moses led Hebrews out  Sinai – received Ten Commandments (p. 79)  Wandered 40 years – settled in Palestine

10. Judaism cont.  Goal is to live a moral life according to God  Ethical monotheism – influenced behavior for thousands of years through Judaism, Christianity, Islam  Later called Jews (Judah – one of 12 tribes); “chosen people”  New kingdom – Israel