1. Behaviouralism View person as a biological entity, similar to any other mammal Personality is shaped in an effort to adapt to environmental circumstances Shaping is predictable and stable Environment “causes” personality

2. Behaviouralism Human behaviour is learned Learning occurs through patterns of reinforcement Reinforcements are predictable patterns of reward and punishment Over time, patterns become difficult to extinguish (or “unlearn”)

3. Conditioning Pavlov: Classical conditioning Pairing of a stimulus and a response Repeated exposure to stimulus provokes predictable responses Basis for “learning” in animals and in humans (e.g. toilet training) Behaviours that are classically conditioned

4. Conditioning Skinner - Operant Conditioning Premise: Organisms (including humans) are continually in the process of operating within an environment, and are seeking to adapt to it

5. Operant Conditioning Behaviour: any response to an external stimuli, including an emotion, thought, or action Reinforcing Stimulus: increases the operant (the behaviour occurring immediately prior to stimulus)

6. Operant Conditioning Principle 1: A behaviour followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future Principle 2: A behaviour followed by an aversive stimulus results in decreased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future

7. Operant Conditioning Principle 3 (Extinction): A behaviour no longer followed by stimulus results in decreased probability of behaviour occurring in the future

8. Pleasant Stimulus

9. Aversive Stimulus

10. Application of Behaviouralism: Behaviour Modification Therapy Goal: To extinguish undesirable behaviour and replace with desirable behaviour Method: Use positive reinforcement techniques

11. Behaviour Modification Therapy Examples: - lifestyle modifications - smoking cessation - medication adherence

12. Behaviour Modification Therapy AAntecedent BBehaviour CConsequent

13. Summary Identify target behaviour Describe environmental conditions Map out antecedents that predict behaviour Map out consequents that positively reinforce behaviour Develop substitute positive reinforcers Implement environmental changes

14. 1. Identify Target Behaviour Compilation of PBI (Problematic Behaviour Inventory) Identify and name key problem (e.g. “smoking” vs. “anxiety” (causing smoking)) Triangulation of data: why is a behaviour a problem, and for whom?

15. 2. Environmental Conditions Social and cultural determinants of behaviour Naming of triggers (people, events) Role of triggers Narrative techniques to elicit information

16. 3. Mapping Antecedents 5 W’s and H Who/what triggers behaviour? Where/when does triggering occur? Why does triggering occur? How does it occur?

17. 4.Mapping Consequents What rules govern positive or negative reinforcement of the behaviour in question? What rewards/punishments are linked to the behaviour?

18. 5.Substitute Reinforcers What reinforcers are already in place? What new ones can be introduced? Avoid punishment (ie. negative reinforcement of negative behaviour) Focus on positive reinforcement of positive behaviour Caution re: coercive exchange

19. Case Study

20. Strengths/Limitations of Behaviouralism Strengths: - effective, efficient for children - a “non-psychological” theory Limitations: - limited efficacy in complex situations - can be frustrating, time consuming - requires commitment and energy

21. As a pharmacist... Help patient identify “patterns” Help patient identify “reinforcers” Don’t rely on education alone Focus on positive reinforcement of positive behaviours Praise and criticism by themselves have limited value; need other reinforcers