1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 33 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, and AC Circuits Part II

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Resistors, capacitors, and inductors have different phase relationships between current and voltage when placed in an ac circuit. The current through a resistor is in phase with the voltage. AC Circuits with AC Source

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Therefore, the current through an inductor lags the voltage by 90°. AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the inductor is given by or.

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the inductor is related to the current through it: The quantity X L is called the inductive reactance, and has units of ohms:.

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. AC Circuits with AC Source Example : Reactance of a coil. A coil has a resistance R = 1.00 Ω and an inductance of 0.300 H. Determine the current in the coil if (a) 120-V dc is applied to it, and (b) 120-V ac (rms) at 60.0 Hz is applied.

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Therefore, in a capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 90°. AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the capacitor is given by.

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. AC Circuits with AC Source The voltage across the capacitor is related to the current through it: The quantity X C is called the capacitive reactance, and (just like the inductive reactance) has units of ohms:.

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. AC Circuits with AC Source Example : Capacitor reactance. What is the rms current in the circuit shown if C = 1.0 μF and V rms = 120 V? Calculate (a) for f = 60 Hz and then (b) for f = 6.0 x 10 5 Hz.

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. AC Circuits with AC Source This figure shows a high-pass filter (allows an ac signal to pass but blocks a dc voltage) and a low- pass filter (allows a dc voltage to be maintained but blocks higher-frequency fluctuations).

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Analyzing the LRC series AC circuit is complicated, as the voltages are not in phase – this means we cannot simply add them. Furthermore, the reactances depend on the frequency. LRC Series AC Circuit

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. We calculate the voltage (and current) using what are called phasors – these are vectors representing the individual voltages. Here, at t = 0, the current and voltage are both at a maximum. As time goes on, the phasors will rotate counterclockwise. LRC Series AC Circuit

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Some time t later, the phasors have rotated. LRC Series AC Circuit

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The voltages across each device are given by the x- component of each, and the current by its x- component. The current is the same throughout the circuit. LRC Series AC Circuit

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. We find from the ratio of voltage to current that the effective resistance, called the impedance, of the circuit is given by LRC Series AC Circuit

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. LRC Series AC Circuit The phase angle between the voltage and the current is given by The factor cos φ is called the power factor of the circuit. or

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. LRC Series AC Circuit Example 30-11: LRC circuit. Suppose R = 25.0 Ω, L = 30.0 mH, and C = 12.0 μF, and they are connected in series to a 90.0-V ac (rms) 500-Hz source. Calculate (a) the current in the circuit, (b) the voltmeter readings (rms) across each element, (c) the phase angle , and (d) the power dissipated in the circuit.

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The rms current in an ac circuit is Clearly, I rms depends on the frequency. Resonance in AC Circuits

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. We see that I rms will be a maximum when X C = X L ; the frequency at which this occurs is f 0 = ω 0 /2π is called the resonant frequency. Resonance in AC Circuits

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Impedance Matching When one electrical circuit is connected to another, maximum power is transmitted when the output impedance of the first equals the input impedance of the second. The power delivered to the circuit will be a minimum when dP/dt = 0; this occurs when R 1 = R 2.

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Three-Phase AC Transmission lines usually transmit three- phase ac power, with the phases being separated by 120°. This makes the power flow much smoother than if a single phase were used.

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Three-Phase AC Example : Three-phase circuit. In a three-phase circuit, 266 V rms exists between line 1 and ground. What is the rms voltage between lines 2 and 3?

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Mutual inductance: Energy density stored in magnetic field: Summary of Chapter Self-inductance:

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of Chapter LR circuit: Inductive reactance: Capacitive reactance:..

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of Chapter LRC series circuit: Resonance in LRC series circuit:.