1. Ecology Test Review By harel and alex (:

2. Define & give examples Autotroph Heterotroph Producer Consumer Decomposer

3. Define & give examples Autotroph Producers that make their own food Heterotroph Consumers and decomposers Producer make their own food Consumer eat other organisms for food Decomposer break down dead organisms for food

5. Label the parts of the food chain

7. Use the food web to find: 2 autotrophs 2 heterotrophs Consumer Herbivore Carnivore

8. Use the food web to find: 2 autotrophs Grass, shrub, tree 2 heterotrophs Fungi, squirrel, grasshopper, rabbit, shrew, deer, mountain lion Consumer Squirrel, shrew, grass hopper, deer, etc Herbivore Deer, rabbit, grasshopper Carnivore Bird, snake, shrew, hawk, lion,

9. Use the food web to find: If 30,000 kcal of energy is in the shrub, how much is available to the mountain lion? To the hawk?

10. Use the food web to find: If 30,000 kcal of energy is in the shrub, how much is available to the mountain lion? 3 kcal 300 kcal To the hawk? 30 kcal 300 kcal

11. Use the food web to find: What level consumer is the grasshopper What level consumer is the hawk

12. Use the food web to find: What level consumer is the grasshopper 1 st level consumer What level consumer is the hawk 2 nd level consumer (thru squirrel) 3 rd level consumer (grasshopper  shrew)

13. Use the food web to find: What do the arrows in the food web represent Describe two competition relationships in the ecosystem What is the source of energy in the food web?

14. Use the food web to find: What do the arrows in the food web represent Movement of energy Describe two competition relationships in the ecosystem Rabbit and grasshopper compete for grass Snake and hawk compete for shrew What is the source of energy in the food web? SUN

15. What is the difference between the energy moves in the food web and the way matter moves in the food web

16. Energy moves in one direction and is not recycled Matter is recycled.

17. Video analysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6cgjfxWG-8 Identify:cooperation Abiotic factorproducer Biotic factorconsumer Predatorpopulation (specific) Prey Heterotrophcommunity (specific) Herbivore Carnivoreprimary consumer secondary consumer

18. Video analysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6cgjfxWG-8 Identify:cooperation: cheetahs hunting together Abiotic factor Anything nonliving: temp Rainfall, soil content producer: grasses, trees Biotic factor Anything living: grass, cheetah Zebra, bird consumer: zebra, cheetah, bird Predator cheetah population (specific): herd of zebra, field of grasses, pack of cheetah Prey : zebra Heterotroph : zebra, bird, cheetah community (specific): all the grass, trees, zebra, cheetah, bird Herbivore : zebra Carnivore : cheetah primary consumer : zebra secondary consumer : cheetah

19. Create a food chain using the video Identify the niche of the cheetah

20. Create a food chain using the video greas  zebra  cheetah Identify the niche of the cheetah Cheetah is consumer. It is also a top predator. It eats zebra, hunts in a group, and runs down its prey in an open area. It lives in grasslands

21. What is the relationship between Aquatic and Terrestrial food webs? How do pollutants move through a food web?

22. What is the relationship between Aquatic and Terrestrial food webs? Aquatic and terrestrial food webs Connected. Some terrestrial organisms eat organisms that live in aquatic Ecosystems (bears eat salmon). Some aquatic organisms eat organisms that live in terrestrial ecosystems (fish eat flying insects) How do pollutants move through a food web? Toxins increase in concentration as You move up a food chain/web. At each level the consumer gets a bigger dose with each meal. This is Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

23. N & C cycles Organism vital to the nitrogen cycle Why do we need nitrogen? How to we get it? Can you recreate it generally?

24. N & C cycles Organism vital to the nitrogen cycle bacteria Why do we need nitrogen? Proteins and DNA How to we get it? Consuming other organisms Can you recreate it generally? Nitrogen is removed from the air (you can’s use it in that form) by bacteria…Fixing. Nitrogen compounds are changed to a useable form for plants by bacteria…nitrification. Other animals get nitrogen by consuming. Nitrogen is returned to N₂ gas by bacteria…denitrification

25. N & C cycles Abiotic source of carbon? How does it move from abiotic into living organisms? Processes that return carbon to abiotic environment

26. N & C cycles Abiotic source of carbon? CO₂ in the air How does it move from abiotic into living organisms? Plants move it into living organisms through photosynthesis CO ₂ + H ₂O  C₂H₁₂O₆ + O₂ Processes that return carbon to abiotic environment combustion, respiration, decomposition

27. Define these relationships Competition Cooperation Predator/prey symbiosis

28. Define these relationships Competition organisms (can be the same or different species) that both need the same LIMITED resource (food, shelter, mates, space) Cooperation organisms of the same species that work together for the same purpose. Ex: are colony organisms like ants/termites/beavers, animals that hunt together Predator/prey one organisms hunts and kills another for food Symbiosis two organisms that are DIFFERENT species that live together in a close relationship. At least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship

29. Symbiotic relationships Mutualism Parasitism

30. Symbiotic relationships Mutualism Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit Parasitism Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)

31. Clownfish are frequently found in the tentacles of sea anemones. Sea anemones capture their prey by paralyzing them with their tentacles. However, the clownfish produces a mucus that prevents the tentacles from harming it. By dwelling amongst the tentacles the clownfish receives a protected home. This relationship is an example of …

32. Symbiotic Mutualism

33. Lampreys are primitive fish with limited digestive systems. They attach to and feed on the body fluids of fish with more advanced digestive systems, often leading to the death of the host fish. This relationship is an example of…

34. Symbiotic parasitism

35. Farmers and gardeners need to properly space plants so they can all grow successfully

36. Farmers and gardeners need to properly space plants so they can all grow successfully competition

37. Termites live in colonies. They have several roles within the colony some tend to the queen, some care for eggs, some scavenge for food and water

38. Termites live in colonies. They have several roles within the colony some tend to the queen, some care for eggs, some scavenge for food and water cooperation

39. What is the difference between predation and parasitism?

40. In predation one organism is purposely killed for food. In parasitism the host is HARMED because it is USED. The purpose of parasitism is NOT to kill the host.