1. Chapter 8 Singleton Summary prepared by Kirk Scott 1

2. Design Patterns in Java Chapter 8 Singleton Summary prepared by Kirk Scott 2

3. Pileated Woodpecker From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is a very large North American woodpecker, roughly crow-sized, inhabiting deciduous forests in eastern North America, the Great Lakes, the boreal forests of Canada, and parts of the Pacific coast. It is also the largest woodpecker in the United States, excepting the possibly extinct Ivory-billed Woodpecker.North Americanwoodpecker Ivory-billed Woodpecker 3

4. The name Dryocopus come from the Greek drus, an oak tree and kopos, a cutter.Greekoak tree 4

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9. General Background on Responsibility On the whole: Classes/objects should be responsible for themselves They should be self-sufficient Their code should be internally consistent They should not depend on other classes/objects That is, they should not implement their functionality by referring to other classes/objects 9

10. Responsibility and Singleton In modeling a real problem domain, it can happen that for a given class there will be only one instance This situation is known as a singleton The idea is that the code for the class itself should control how many instances of it there are It should not be the responsibility of all external code to determine how many instances there are 10

11. If there is a singleton class, responsibility for maintaining it as a singleton can be centralized in the class itself In the context of the whole application, responsibility for this part of the design has been centralized 11

12. Viewed from another perspective of client code: Client code is relieved of a responsibility which doesn’t really belong to it However, this does mean that client code becomes dependent on the correct implementation of the singleton logic in the singleton class 12

13. This is not surprising One piece of code is always, ultimately dependent on the correct implementation of other pieces of code The situation simply is that if a singleton can be identified, and enforcement is desirable, then enforcement should preferably be done in the class that there should only be one instance of 13

14. Book Definition of the Pattern Book definition: The intent of the Singleton pattern is to ensure that a class has only one instance and to provide a global point of access to it. 14

15. The authors state, “The mechanics of Singleton are more memorable than its intent.” You might translate this to say that the pattern can be motivated or explained in terms of responsibility But its fundamental action and structure has to do with construction and how best to implement it in a given situation. 15

16. Implementing the Pattern Challenge 8.1 How can you prevent other developers from constructing new instances of your class? 16

17. Solution 8.1 “To prevent other developers from instantiating your class, create a single constructor with private access. Note that if you create other, nonprivate constructors or no constructors at all, other objects will be able to instantiate your class” 17

18. Comment mode on: First, remember this factoid from 202: If you provide no constructors at all, the system will provide a default constructor That’s how come no constructors at all will allow others to create instances Obviously, making public constructors will also allow others to make instances 18

19. The idea of a private constructor has not come up before If you have a private constructor, the question becomes, how and where do you call it from? The Factory class definition on the following overhead illustrates the solution that the authors are proposing 19

20. public class Factory { private static Factory factory = new Factory(); private Factory() { } public static getFactory() { return factory; } 20

21. The class contains a private, static instance of itself Inline construction of the instance is done, one time, by a call to the default constructor The default constructor is private, so it can’t be called by outside code 21

22. The static getFactory() method returns a reference to the singleton, the static instance of the class The call to the get method in a client piece of code would be like any call to a static method: Factory singletonReference = Factory.getFactory(); 22

23. Thinking of an Alternative Approach to Implementing the Pattern The book’s solution works Not having considered the possibility of private constructors or classes containing instance variables which are instances of themselves, this is not the first solution approach that would have occurred to me I would have been thinking along different lines 23

24. A Non-Solution The following overhead shows a starting approach to solving the problem Notice that it is incomplete, i.e., wrong The reason for pursuing it is as a reminder of what things are and what they do in Java This helps put the book’s solution into perspective 24

25. /* An approach to creating a singleton that doesn’t work. */ public class Factory { private static int instanceCount = 0; public Factory() { if(instanceCount == 0) // do the construction else // don’t do the construction } 25

26. What is wrong with this? You are stopped when you realize that a constructor is a constructor It is supposed to return a reference to a newly created object What does the constructor “return” if nothing is to be constructed? 26

27. Syntactically, could a constructor return a null reference rather than a reference to an object? It doesn’t matter what the answer to that question is. Even if it could, that would not be desirable. Users expect constructors to return references to actual objects of the type desired 27

28. A Halfway Solution Reviewing Exception Throwing On the other hand, a constructor, like a method, can be declared to throw an exception Then the code can be written either to run successfully and return a reference to a newly created object Or to throw an exception if the conditions for the Singleton design pattern aren’t met 28

29. public class Factory { private static int instanceCount = 0; public Factory() throws Exception { if(instanceCount == 0) instanceCount++; else throw new Exception(“Uh-oh”); } 29

30. Although the previous code isn’t the way the book does it, the code compiles The thing client code would have to keep in mind is that a call to the constructor would have to be done in a try/catch block This solution does restrict a class to having at most one instance 30

31. Why is this only a Halfway Solution? With this solution, one client can call the constructor one time and obtain a reference to the singleton “Singleton-ness” is supported However, the pattern definition said an implementation has to provide a global point of access to the one instance 31

32. The halfway solution does not provide a mechanism whereby multiple clients at different times could obtain a reference to the singleton that is created The exception throwing is an ugly way of letting client code know a singleton already exists Once the singleton has been created, the burden is on the client code to maintain a reference to it and make it available 32

33. The flaw of this solution can be explained in terms of responsibility Under the halfway solution, responsibility for making the one instance of the singleton is centralized in the singleton class (good). However, responsibility for knowing and keeping track of the singleton is decentralized into the client code (bad). In other words, it’s not just a halfway solution syntactically It’s a halfway solution in terms of responsibility 33

34. The conclusion is this: It is desirable to centralize all aspects of a singleton in the singleton class Trying to deal with them on a piecemeal basis in every piece of potential client code is not good There could be many places where this would have to be done This is both inefficient and prone to error, either by writing in correct code or by missing a place where the code should be included 34

35. Lazy Initialization Next, the book introduces what it calls lazy initialization The idea is that an instance of the Singleton class is only constructed if some piece of client code requests a reference to it This requires removing the construction from the line declaring the instance variable Construction is then inserted into the getFactory() method This is shown on the next overhead 35

36. public class Factory { private static Factory factory; private Factory() { } public static Factory getFactory() { if(factory == null) factory = new Factory(); return factory; } 36

37. Notice how the logic of this approach does echo the halfway approach somewhat Construction is conditional Depending on your preference, this solution may also be nicer than the first book solution because you are calling the constructor from within a method There is nothing wrong with inline initialization, but some people may not prefer it 37

38. Challenge 8.2 Why might you decide to lazy-initialize a singleton instance rather than to initialize it in its field declaration? 38

39. Solution 8.2 “Two reasons for lazy-initializing singletons are as follows. 1. You might not have enough information to instantiate a singleton at static initialization time. For example, a Factory singleton might have to wait for the real factory’s machines to establish communication channels. 39

40. 2. You might choose to lazy-initialize a singleton that requires resources, such as a database connection, especially if there is a chance that the containing application will not need the singleton in a particular session.” 40

41. Whether you lazy initialize or not, construction of the singleton takes place in the singleton’s class And access to the singleton is provided through a public, static method 41

42. Singletons and Threads CSCE 320 is not a pre-requisite for CSCE 302 This subsection in the book depends on understanding concepts from CSCE 320, so it is not part of CSCE 302 If you have had CSCE 320, the idea can be summarized pretty easily If you are trying to maintain a singleton, then you have to synchronize calls to the method which constructs the singleton 42

43. Without synchronization, it would be possible for two different threads to each create an instance of a so-called singleton If you do synchronize correctly on construction, and there is one object, you also need to keep in mind that by definition, the goal was apparently to have a shared object, which means you also need to synchronize method calls on the object so it doesn’t enter an inconsistent state 43

44. Recognizing Singleton In most applications you can generally have multiple instances of a given class It may be the case that for a particular application, under certain conditions, only one instance of a given class is needed Even in this case, the client code may be simple enough that there is simply one place where that instance is created, and there is no need to include the singleton machinery in the class 44

45. In reality, singletons are rare The trick is learn how to identify that situation For what it’s worth, I had a student once who said he had applied that pattern in an application He was writing code in a networked environment where logging of events was handled by a singleton logger class It was desirable for multiple, different pieces of networked client code to have a common log, not separate logs for each client (process) 45

46. Some More Observations on the Pattern The authors say that Singleton is probably the best known pattern This may be because it is easy to understand It may also be because, for C style programmers, it makes it easy to get around the requirements of object-oriented programming A singleton object can serve as a global type of variable 46

47. In general, the reason for the existence of a singleton is some restriction in the problem domain A singleton shouldn’t be introduced unless a good reason can be found for having one Client code, if at all possible, should have no interest in special conditions on the creation of instances of other classes (like singletons) 47

48. Singleton and Subclasses Note that if a class is to have subclasses, the singleton pattern won’t work Recall that construction in a subclass depends on the existence of a suitable constructor in the superclass The first thing in a subclass constructor is a call to super (not shown if you are relying on a default constructor in the superclass 48

49. If the call to super (the superclass constructor) fails to accomplish construction of a new object because it’s a singleton class and the singleton was already created, then the subclass constructor is doomed to fail The best you could hope for is to call the subclass constructor one time, at which point the superclass singleton is created, and from there on you can’t construct anymore instances of either class 49

50. On the one hand, there is a logic to this: If the superclass was a singleton, the subclass is also a singleton The sticky point is that if you want an instance of the subclass, that has to be done first If you make an instance of the superclass first, from that point on, you can’t make an instance of the subclass Basically, this is a mess you don’t want to deal with 50

51. Another Example It will be clear that the following example is not taken from some real business application. It is given simply as a way of reiterating the idea of a singleton and how to accomplish it in code. This is an old test question, brought back to life for teaching purposes 51

52. The code on the following overhead shows A private static instance variable A private default constructor A method that does lazy initialization of the instance variable This is the full pattern as given in the book 52

53. public class MonotheisticGod { private static MonotheisticGod oneGod; private String explanation; private MonotheisticGod() { explanation = “There is only one of me.”; } public static MonotheisticGod getMonotheisticGod() { if(oneGod == null) oneGod = new MonotheisticGod(); return oneGod; } 53

54. The code on the following overhead shows a call to obtain a reference to the foregoing singleton. 54

55. public class TestGod { public static void main(String[] args) { MonotheisticGod myOneGod = MonotheisticGod.getMonotheisticGod(); System.out.println(myOneGod); } 55

56. This is would be the output of the program: MonotheisticGod[explanation=“There is only one of me.”] 56

57. UML for the Pattern The singleton pattern is quite simple structurally There is no one accepted UML diagram that illustrates it You might include it or recognize it in a UML diagram by a detailed listing of the instance variables and methods of the class 57

58. You might also include it or recognize it by means of a diagram showing that a class has a reference to an instance of itself—specifically with a cardinality value of 1 at the end of the arrowhead This second option is illustrated on the following overhead 58

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60. Lasater’s UML Diagram Lasater’s UML diagram is given on the next overhead. Using that author’s terminology, the pattern is recognizable by the instance variable, constructor, and instance() method given in the full class diagram. 60

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62. Summary The Singleton pattern means only one object of a given class will be created By definition, this means there is a single, global occurrence of the class Lazy initialization can be a useful feature of the implementation of Singleton In a multi-threaded environment synchronization has to be used in order to make sure that an implementation of singleton works correctly 62

63. Keep in mind that just because there is only one instance of a class in a given application, that doesn’t mean that the singleton pattern is appropriate From a pragmatic point of view, this warning is especially apropos if the class has subclasses Singleton doesn’t really work for a class with subclasses 63

64. The Singleton pattern centralizes responsibility in a single instance of a class by hiding the constructor and providing a single point of access to object creation 64

65. The End 65