1. Computer Organization & Programming Chapter 5 Synchronous Components

2. Clocks Synchronization tool A clock allows separate circuits to do their work at precisely the same time.

3. Set Reset Latch (SR Latch)

4. Clocked latches Control exactly when the S or R input is provided

5. Clocked D latch No need for separate variables R, S since they are mutually exclusive. D and D’ provide the same effect.

6. Latch using Mux

7. Standard representations Latch loaded when clock is 1 Latch loaded when clock is 0 (Note inversion bubble on CK) Flip flop loaded when clock is changing from 0 to 1 (rising edge) Flip flop loaded when clock is changing from 1 to 0 (falling edge) Do we care? Not much. Just know that boxes that look like this hold a value

8. 8-bit register Pin 1 drives clear on all the flip flops Pin 11 drives enable (CK) on all. Pin 11’s inverter serves as an amplifier also.

9. FF with asynchronous Set & Reset

10. Shift Register

11. Right-Left Shift Register

12. Synchronous Up-Counter

13. Synchronous Up-Counter + Count Enable and Parallel Load

14. Sequential Circuits So far, all outputs have been determined completely by the current input. Having a clock pulse allows us to determine the time at which each circuit fires. Circuits that allow the output of a circuit to become an input to the next iteration of the circuit are called sequential circuits. A sequential logic unit is also known as a Finite State Machine

15. Finite State Machines A finite state machine takes an input and a current state and produces an output and a next state

16. Classical model of FSM Abstraction of a delay mechanism. This will hold the value of the state output and release it as input in the next cycle.

17. Example – Pseudo Random Numbers

18. FSM for the Pseudo Random Numbers

19. FSM by a Graph

20. FSM – Formal Definition

21. State Transition Diagram

22. Example Look for the sequence ‘110’ (output ‘1’ when found) Step 1 – Build the Graph

23. Step 2 – write transition table

24. Step 3 – Allocate State Values

25. Step 4 – Get Functions

26. Step 5 – Implement