1. Warm-Up: There are many different types of scientists that work in criminal cases. Can you identify each scientist? A. Chemist B. Entomologist C. Geologist __ 1. Works with X-rays __ 2. Use insects to determine time of death __ 3. Examines soil samples __ 4. Work with climatic conditions __ 5. Analyzes paint, glass, and residues __ 6. Analyzes blood and body tissues for evidence of drugs and poisons D. Meteorologist E. Radiologist F. Toxicologist

2. The answers are... A. Chemist B. Entomologist C. Geologist __ 1. Works with X-rays __ 2. Use insects to determine time of death __ 3. Examines soil samples __ 4. Work with climatic conditions __ 5. Analyzes paint, glass, and residues __ 6. Analyzes blood and body tissues for evidence of drugs and poisons D. Meteorologist E. Radiologist F. Toxicologist E B C D A F

3. Objective SWBAT classify drugs and the drug control laws.

4. Agenda 1.History of Toxicology 2.K9 Units 3.Drugs 4.Drug Laws 5.Pablo Escobar Documentary 6.Exit Slip

5. History of Toxicology http://ed.ted.com/lessons/early- forensics-and-crime-solving- chemists-deborah- blum?_sm_au_=iVV2RDV6N0Hq2fJ Thttp://ed.ted.com/lessons/early- forensics-and-crime-solving- chemists-deborah- blum?_sm_au_=iVV2RDV6N0Hq2fJ T

6. K9 Border Patrol Unit http://animal.discovery.com/tv- shows/law-on-the- border/videos/inside-a-narcotics- vault.htmhttp://animal.discovery.com/tv- shows/law-on-the- border/videos/inside-a-narcotics- vault.htm

7. Drugs A drug is a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humnans.

10. Psychological Dependence The conditioned use of a drug based on underlying needs

11. Physical Dependence Physiological need for a drug brought about by its regular use and characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of the drug is abruptly stopped

12. Drug use in the USA In 2010, 22.6 million Americans 12 or older (8.9 % of the population) were current illicit drug users. This was an increase over previous years, mostly due to more marijuana use. Drug overdoses and brain damage linked to long-term drug abuse killed an estimated 37,485 people in 2009, surpassing the toll of traffic accidents by 1,201. Many of these fatalities were due to prescription drug abuse. Source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_04.pdf

13. Terminology Illicit drugs, abused drugs, and street drugs are blanket terms for many abused substances. The term controlled substances refers specifically to drugs that are controlled by federal and state laws.

14. Popular Drugs Marijuana LSD Heroin Cocaine Prescription Drugs Methamphetamines Ecstacy

15. Narcotics A drug that induces sleep and depresses vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate. –Examples: Opiates: Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, OxyContin –Analgesics-relieve pain by depressing the central nervous system

16. Heroin Produces a high that is accompanied by drowsiness and a deep sense of well-being. Effect is short (3-4 hours) Physical dependence –Methadone is synthetic Heroin, eliminates the addicts desire for heroin with minimal side effects

17. Hallucinogens Drugs that can cause marked alterations in normal thought processes, perceptions and moods. –Examples: Marijuana, LSD, PCP

18. Marijuana From plant Cannabis sativa THC produces the psychoactive effects experienced by users –Low dose “social users”-increased sense of well being, restlessness, hilarity followed by dreamy, carefree state of relaxation; alteration of sensory perceptions, more vivid sense of touch, sight, smell –Higher doses-intensified reactions –Extremely high doses-phychotomimetic phenomena may be experienced. Distortion of body image, loss of personal identity, sensory and mental illusions, fantasies and hallucinations

19. Marijuana (Continued) No current evidence suggests that intermittent use causes physical or psychological harm Does not cause physical dependence However, risk of harm lies in heavy, long- term use Heavy users can develop a strong psychological dependence on the drug –Increased heart rate, dry mouth, reddened eyes, impaired motor skills and concentration and frequent hunger and increased desire for sweets

20. LSD Derived from ergot, type of fungus Taken orally as a pill, added to sugar cube or absorbed on a small piece of paper. Very potent No physical dependence, however, user may be prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactions even after use is discontinued

21. Depressants Drugs that slow down or depress the central nervous system –Examples: Alcohol Barbiturates-”downers”, relax the user, create a feeling of well being and produce sleep (ex. Quaalude) Antipsychotics/antianxiety drugs-produce relaxing tranquility without impairing high thinking faculties or inducing sleep Huffing-feeling of exhilaration and euphoria –Danger of liver, heart and brain damage (high risk of death)

22. Stimulants Range of drugs that stimulate or speed up the central nervous system –Ex. Cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, Amphetamines

23. Drug-Control Laws Severity of penalty may depend on the weight of the drug or its concentration in a mixture Chemists’ reports must contain all information that is needed to properly charge a suspect under the provisions of the existing law

24. Controlled Substances Act Schedule I –High potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use, and/or lack accepted safety for use in treatment under medical supervision –Heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, LSD Schedule II –High potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use, and a potential for severe psychological or physical dependence –Opium, cocaine, methadone, PCP, most amphetamine preparations, most barbiturate perperations, dronabinol (synthetic marijuana)

25. Controlled Substance Act Schedule III –Less potential for abuse, currently accepted medical use, a potential for low or moderate physical or high psychological dependence –All barbiturate preparations not covered under Schedule II and certain codeine preparations; anabolic steroids Schedule IV –Low potential for abuse, have current medical use, limited dependence –Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, and tranquilizers

26. Controlled Substance Act Schedule V –Low abuse potential, medical use, and less potential dependence than schedule IV drugs –Opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients

27. Pablo Escobar Documentary 1.When did all of the violence begin in Columbia? 2.How did Pablo’s career start? 3.How did Pablo keep the police away from him? 4.What was created in order to fight the “gorillas” and how did this help Pablo? 5.Why did Pablo help the poor? 6.Why did cocaine become such a big issue in the U.S. in the 1980s? 7.How did Pablo get the government/law enforcement on his side? 8.How many candidates was Pablo responsible for assassinating in 1989?

28. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Presumptive Drug Tests Police officers use rapid presumptive tests to determine whether drugs are present. These are simple color tests adaptable to field use to identify controlled substances. Along with other circumstantial facts, physical appearance, odor, texture, etc., they help the police officer form the probable cause to support their suspicion that the unknown substance is controlled. Presumptive tests may generate false positives. If a presumptive test generates a positive result a more complex confirmatory test is administered.

29. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Presumptive Color Tests Type: Marquis Color Chemicals: Formaldehyde and sulfuric acid Meaning of Results: Heroine, morphine and most opium-based drugs will turn the solution purple. Amphetamines will turn it orange-brown.

30. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Presumptive Color Tests Type: Cobalt thiocyanate Chemicals: cobalt thiocyanate, distilled water, glycerin, hydrochloric adic, chloroform Meaning of Results: Cocaine will turn the solution blue.

31. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Presumptive Color Tests Type: Dillie-Koppanyi Chemicals: Cobalt acetate and isopropylamine Meaning of Results: Barbiturates will turn the solution violet-blue.

32. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Presumptive Color Tests Type: Van Urk Chemicals: P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, hydrochloric acid, ethyl alcohol Meaning of Results: LSD will turn the solution blue-purple.

33. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Presumptive Color Tests Type: Duquenois-Levine Test Chemicals: Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol Meaning of Results: LSD will turn the solution blue-purple.

34. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Advantages and Disadvantages Scientists are able to use these simple and easy techniques to identify unknown substances. No sophisticated equipment is necessary for color tests. Inexpensive Quick results and analysis Not sensitive for small amounts

35. Copyright © 2013 Crosscutting Concepts, LLC. All Rights Reserved. www.CrosscuttingConcepts.com Color Tests Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp09m WY8Bukhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp09m WY8Buk

36. Homework Read Chapter 5, pages 171-193

37. Exit Slip October 28, 2014 Go to m.socrative.com and enter 417101 Question: What is the difference between physical and psychological dependence?