2. Colonized Greenland in 986 Comes to the shores of America in the year 1000 Almost 500 years before Columbus!!

4. What makes life better?

5. Economic Changes Agriculture The Iron Plow - cut soil deeper, stronger New Harness - Horses instead of oxen, horses are much faster ? Difference ?

6. Economic Changes Agriculture Windmill – to grind grain (didn’t need to be near water) More land – Cleared Forest / Drained swamps

7. Legume – vegetables with pods (peas & beans).

8. 3 field system Replace the 2 field grain / fallow system with the 3 field grain / fallow / legume system. Fallow – Plowed land left idle.

9. High Middle Ages 1000 AD 38 Million 1300 AD 75 Million Population

10. Trade Routes Old ones reopen and new ones are established Old Roman Roads are rebuilt

11. Trade Routes Crusades created a huge demand for goods Venice - at the crossroads

12. At the crossroads of trade routes, traders would stop and set up fairs, the fairs would shut down in the fall When people started sticking around over the winter, we got……towns, which grew into cities.

13. Trade Routes Europe Silk Spices Gold Art Carpets Wine Honey Fur Cloth Lead Tin

14. Charters for towns are issued by Kings and Lords. Money and Currency return. Serfs become tenant farmers (more freedom). The Middle class begins to rise up out of all this.

16. Unpaid (3-12 years) Paid (at least 3 years) Creation of your “Masterpiece”

17. The Roman Catholic Church was headed by the Pope. Secular - outside the church The Pope oversaw the papal states (land in Italy).

18. Sacrament - sacred rituals…you needed them to get into heaven. Interdict - excommunication for a town, region, or Kingdom Excommunication - could not receive sacraments.

19. Tithe - 10% of your income given to the Church. Canon Law - laws that the church follow Heresy - against the doctrine of the Church.

20. Loosely held together group of kingdoms in Central Europe.

21. Re-conquered HRE in Germany and Italy. Like Charlemagne saved the Pope from rebellion and was crowned HRE in 962. Otto I - King of the Germans, Duke of Saxony……Holy Roman Emperor.

22. Pope Gregory VII bans Lay Investiture. HRE Henry IV - Lay Investiture - appointing of bishops by Kings or Emperors.

23. In 1076 Pope Gregory VII said….. HRE Henry IV - “these bishops hold royal fiefs and I’m their Overlord”.

24. Nobles begin to revolt against Henry In 1077, Pope and Henry met up at a snowy castle in the Alps. Henry begs for 3 days for forgiveness outside the castle gate(in his bare feet).

25. Pope is a priest, and a priest must forgive someone who asks for forgiveness. Pope lifts the excommunication. In 1081 Henry came back and forced the Pope into exile.