1. PIA 2528 Local Government, Governance and Civil Society

2. Local Governance: A Cultural Perspective A Palolem local government meeting in East India

3. Governance, an Overview of Issues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) Governance Governance Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Local Government Local Government Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures Civil Society Civil Society Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector) Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)

4. Institutional Legacy- Discussion: Samuel P. Huntington(1927-2008) Culture Matters?

5. The Institutions Debate: Huntington’s Regions - Culture vs. Rationality

6. Institutional Legacy The cultural organization contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, cultural rifts must be understood, and culture — rather than the State — must be accepted as the locus of war.

7. Gender Representation: Government of New Zealand

8. The Nature of Local Government Part of the Institutional State Part of the Institutional State Based on Devolution of Authority Based on Devolution of Authority Culture defines Participation Culture defines Participation Links Governance to Civil Society Links Governance to Civil Society

9. Indonesia

10. Forms of Local Government Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government Role of intermediate Government (s) Role of intermediate Government (s) Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it

11. Commonwealth Provincial Governance

12. Functions of Urban Local Governance: A South African View

13. Historical Legacy Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Dilemma of the Local State Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Dilemma of the Local State The Best Predictor of Institutions The Best Predictor of Institutions Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your part of the world and be prepared to discuss next week. Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your part of the world and be prepared to discuss next week. Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based Empires Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based Empires

14. Imperial Germany (Russia, Austria, Turkey)

15. The Imperial Model

16. French Colonial System French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps) Ministry of Overseas Affairs Sub-Chief District Chief Commandant Governor (Guinea- Conakry) Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)

17. The French Empire and Culture: North America, Caribbean, Africa and Asia

18. British Colonial System Parliament (No Rep.) Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or India Chief District Officer District Commissioner Regional / Divisional Commissioner Governor / High Commissioner* Sub-Chief Headman Tribal Council Tribal Secretary and Clerks Tribal Treasury Tribal Court Tribal Police * Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office

19. The British Image

20. Reformed British Administration Prime Minister (UK)Colonial Office Secretariat Para-Chief DEO District Commissioner Provincial Commissioner PEO Sub-Chief Headmen Parliament EXECO LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary MEDWORKSEDUCAGRIC London Dar es Salaam SAA MOJA Village Kilimanjaro Province Moshi

21. Traditional Administration & Governance National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Sub-Chiefs Village Meeting Place Judicial System Advisors (Native Councils) Headmen Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule

22. The Dilemma of Traditional Local Governance

23. Imperial Systems King Chief King’s Representative Inner Council Sub-Chief Outer Council Meeting Place Judicial System King’s Representative Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule Traditional Administration & Governance

24. Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers Chief as government official Façade of Direct Rule Grassroots similarity Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration” Legal / Rational Model Modification of Tradition Training of tribal administrator Inherited vs. Age Grade Systems Nature of traditional Civil Society Traditional Administration & Governance

25. Mini-Discussion How Does One Create Local Government Out of this?

26. Historical Legacy 1. General Patterns: Linked to Cultural Sub-Nationalism 2. Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ from Region to Region (eg. Middle East: Religious Parallel Governance Organizations 3. What are the Universals of Local Governance

27. Coffee Break Fifteen Minutes Fifteen Minutes

28. The Nature of the Municipality The Primary Unit of Government The Primary Unit of Government Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County) Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County) Continental Europe- Integration of Town and County Continental Europe- Integration of Town and County One of these two patterns exported overseas One of these two patterns exported overseas

29. Danish Local Government 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic) 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic) 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\ 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges\ 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services- Primary Education, Markets 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services- Primary Education, Markets 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations (System Support) 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations (System Support)

30. Accountability in New Zealand

31. What Local Government Does- Basic Services Primary Roads Primary Roads Water Water Waste Removal Waste Removal Primary Education Primary Education Basic Health Basic Health Basic Energy Supplies Basic Energy Supplies Markets Markets Parking Parking

32. Lord Mayor’s Tradition

33. U.K. System

34. Models of Local Government 1. Strong Mayor 2. Strong Council- Executive Committee with Chair and Department Heads 3. City Manager (Town Clerk) System with appointed departments

35. City Manager System

36. Services Depend Upon- Services Depend Upon- 1. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and transfers 2. Planning- strategic priorities 3. Managing- implementation 4. Personnel- Access to skilled professionals (Power to Hire and Fire) 5. Community Trust 6. Social Cohesion

37. “Rainbow Nation”- 1

38. “Rainbow Nation-” 2

39. Review: Distinctions: Local state vs. Local Government Local state vs. Local Government Functional vs. Territorial Control Functional vs. Territorial Control Devolution- Urban vs. Rural Devolution- Urban vs. Rural Subsidiarity- Subsidiarity- higher units should not do what can be done by lower units higher units should not do what can be done by lower units

40. Myth of the Panchayat?

41. Has local Government Failed? Implementation and Administrative Problems Implementation and Administrative Problems Skills Shortages Skills Shortages Absence of Revenue Absence of Revenue The Need for Institutional Training The Need for Institutional Training International Donors and the Training Agenda International Donors and the Training Agenda

42. Implementation: Rube Goldberg

43. Has local Government Failed? Failure to make a Needs Assessment Failure to make a Needs Assessment Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of Thought Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of Thought Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs Functions as Local State Functions as Local State

45. Local Government and Development? How Developmental Is Local Government? How Developmental Is Local Government? We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings. We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings.

47. Decentralization Issues 1. Democracy and decentralization 2. Critiques of indirect Democracy 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous?) 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional conflict- the dangers of decentralization

48. Decentralization and Foreign Aid

49. Decentralization Issues 5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal models vs. urban/rural governance: towns and counties. Problem of urban bias 6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues: a. financial limitations a. financial limitations b. local government staff: "bush postings.“ b. local government staff: "bush postings.“ c. community distrust c. community distrust

50. Specialized Developmental Functions Planning and Land Use Patterns Planning and Land Use Patterns Issues- Ownership and distribution. Issues- Ownership and distribution. Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areas Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areas

51. Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry, recreation, land use, waterfowl, ungulates and sport fish capability (Canada)

52. Books of the Week The Comedians by Graham Greene (top) Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe (bottom)

53. Geographical Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen Minutes Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen Minutes Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil Society Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil Society Identify the (reading) source of pattern Identify the (reading) source of pattern

54. Summary Discussion What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society? What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?