1. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

2. SUMMARIZE THE 3 CHANGES I THE 15 TH AND 16 TH CENTURIES THAT GELPED THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS DEVELOP NEW VIEWS Renaissance humanists made available the works of Ptolemy, Archimedes and Plato Invention of new instruments for more accurate measurement(telescope, microscope) Printing press spreads ideas

3. With the advance of mathematics (algebra, trigonometry and geometry) it became easier for scientists to demonstrate the proof of abstract theories with clear, logical evidence

5. Explain what the Ptolemaic system is based upon. Geocentric --- it places the Earth at the center of the Universe

6. Nicolaus Copernicus Mathematician; Poland Belief---heliocentric ---sun-centered universe; planets revolve around the sun

7. Johannes Kepler Mathematician; German Laws of Planetary motion (confirms sun-centered universe) Planets orbit sun in elliptical pattern not circular; sun located toward end of the ellipse

8. Galileo Galilei Italian Scientists; taught Mathematics Regular observations of the heavens using the telescope Discoveries: mountains on Earth’s moon; 4 moons around Jupiter; sunspots Heavenly bodies are composed of material substance not pure orbs of light (idea of Ptolemy) Published The Starry Messenger (1610) – made people aware of new view of the universe

9. Issac Newton Prof. of Mathematics; work: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Defined 3 laws of motion that govern planetary bodies as well as objects on Earth Crucial to whole argument --- universal law of gravitation Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity This one universal law could explain all the motion in the universe, mathematically calculated. Ideas created new picture of the universe --- one huge, regulated uniform machine that worked according to natural laws

10. Andreas Vasalius Accurately described the individual organs and general structure of the human body Human dissection

11. William Harvey Showed heart – NOT LIVER – was the beginning point for the circulation of blood Proved blood flows through the veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit through the body

12. What did Vasalius andHarvey do differently than Galen that led to their medical discoveries? Dissected human bodies

14. Robert Boyle 1 st to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry Boyle’s Law --- volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it

15. Antoine Lavoisier System for naming chemical elements Founder of modern chemistry

17. Margaret Cavendish (philosopher) Work – Observatons upon Experimental Philosophy Critical that humans, through science, were the masters of nature published under her own name

18. Maria Winkelmann (atronomer) Discovered a comet Applied to Berlin Academy – rejected – told studies would interfere with duties women were expected to perform

19. Describe the obstacles that women I the 1600s and 1700s faced in being accepted as scientists * little opportunity for formal training or employment in science Work not taken seriously Science was male dominated and at odds with domestic duties of women

21. RENE DESCARTES’S 1 ST PRINCIPLE – “I think therefore I am” 2 nd PRINCIPLE - Because the mind cannot be doubted by the body and material world can, the 2 must be radically different”. Separation of mind and body – This idea allowed scientist to view matter as dead or inert; should be investigated independently by reason Father of Rationalism – system of though based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

23. FRANCIS BACON Developed scientific Method

24. Inductive reasoning – proceeding from the particular to the general Scientific Method: systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence Crucial to the evolution of science I the modern world