1. 11/13/2015 1 Small-Scale Fisheries Management and Governance

2. Why Care about Small-Scale Fisheries Small-scale fishers account for 96% of the world’s fishers They catch 58% of the global fish catch 12-50 million men and women are estimated to be directly involved in small-scale capture fisheries (full-time, increasingly part-time, seasonal) (500,000 large scale) 150 million people involved in fisheries-related occupations; 250 million fishing household dependents 11/13/2015 2

3. Why Care about Small-Scale Fisheries 87% of world’s fishers are in the Asia-Pacific region At least 20% of those employed in fisheries earn < $1/day Far more people have become involved in fishing than agriculture since 1950 (total growth rate of 400% vs. 35%) Number of full-time fishers doubled while part- time fishers increased 160% between 1970 and 1990 11/13/2015 3

4. Issues and Threats: Weak Governance Overfishing and excess fishing capacity Open access IUU fishing Lack of information Enforcement and compliance Low participation in decision making Conflict Weak management institutions and corruption Inappropriate policies 11/13/2015 4

5. Issues and Threats: Socioeconomic Conditions Poverty Poorly managed globalization of trade and market access Technological advances Rapid population growth Health: HIV AIDS, nutrition Political and economic marginalization Gender inequity and inequality 11/13/2015 5

6. Issues and Threats: Ecosystem Changes Climate change Habitat loss and pollution (coastal development) Removal of key species, introduction of exotics Altered freshwater inflows 11/13/2015 6

7. Opportunities in Small-Scale Fisheries The SSF sector has great potential to contribute to poverty reduction and economic growth Moderate scope for increased benefits to poor fishers and consumers and resource rents to society, with responsible & equitable governance Some indication that fishing is no longer the “employment of last resort,” and that fishing households are actively diversifying livelihoods. Increasing successes with a range of new governance approaches 11/13/2015 7

8. Innovations in SSF Governance Recognize SSF as integrated social-ecological systems Integrated resources management and economic/community (livelihoods) development Rights-based management Co-management Ecosystem-based management (MPAs) Adaptive management Markets, certification 11/13/2015 8

9. Principles for Investment in SSF Support the continued operation and development of small-scale fisheries where this is possible Promote the adoption of rights-based fishing Ensure that compensation schemes or livelihood alternatives are included in programs supporting a transition to rights-based fishing 11/13/2015 9

10. Principles for Investment in SSF Support livelihood diversification Build on existing strengths and strategies of small-scale fisherfolk to increase their adaptive capacity and build resilience of the fishery system 11/13/2015 10

11. Implementing the Principles Two case studies of governance reform in small- scale fisheries: 1.Investment in local management in Mexico 2.Investment in policy reform in the Philippines 11/13/2015 11

12. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries Biologically rich area 50% of Mexico’s fish catch Overfishing, aquaculture, pollution, loss of habitat, tourism, conflicts, overcapitalization Subsidies to both sectors are still abundant and confound efforts at capacity reduction 11/13/2015 12

13. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries David and Lucile Packard Foundation COBI (Comunidad y Biodiversidad, a local NGO) WWF Conservation International (CI) The Nature Conservancy (TNC) others 11/13/2015 13

14. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries Co-management in context of decentralization Active participation of fishers through community organizations Empowerment to participate in decision- making 11/13/2015 14

15. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries Community property rights Concession on an area is given to local community members in order to maximize resource exclusivity, guarantee the welfare of the community, and develop cooperation among stakeholders in conservation efforts Conflict resolution strategies between small-scale and industrial fishing sectors focused on area restrictions and separation of fleets 11/13/2015 15

16. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries Marine protected areas (MPAs) Based on a conservation plan to protect ecosystems, important ecological processes, and of critical habitats that is compatible with human Network of MPAs that includes both fully protected marine reserves and other marine protected areas (MPAs) where different activities take place 11/13/2015 16

17. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries First developing country small-scale certified fisheries - MSC Certification of the Baja California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) Nine fishing cooperatives Regulation includes a minimum legal size, restrictions on keeping egg-bearing females, restrictions on fishing gear (tangle nets), and rights in specific zones and areas 11/13/2015 17

18. Implementing the Principles Mexico: Strengthening governance through ecosystem-based management of the Sea of Cortez fisheries Need for: more effective enforcement and compliance mechanisms solve the overcapacity problem in the small- scale sector ecosystem-based fisheries management 11/13/2015 18

19. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Scaling-up management, effort reduction and networking Sector problems and constraints: overfishing illegal and destructive fishing activities siltation and pollution of coastal waters weak institutional and management capabilities Degradation and depletion of fisheries and marine resources persistent poverty among municipal fisherfolk. 11/13/2015 19

20. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking Four large programs/projects: FSP (ADB 1989-1996) FRMP (ADB/Japan 1998-2007) CRMP (USAID 1996-2004) FISH (USAID 2003-2010) These four projects build on one another to improve fisheries governance 11/13/2015 20

21. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking 11/13/2015 21

22. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking FSP (ADB 1989-1996) Series of policy and institutional reforms: decentralization of municipal water management to local governments enactment of municipal fishery ordinances 11/13/2015 22

23. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking FRMP (ADB/Japan 1998-2007) Community-based co-management Community organizing Community-based law enforcement Income diversification 11/13/2015 23

24. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking CRMP (USAID 1996-2004) Enhancing the capability of national and local governments and the communities themselves to develop and implement resource management processes and systems (co-management) Develop coastal resource management as a basic government service Local government capacity-building Building constituency groups and empowerment of coastal communities 11/13/2015 24

25. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking FISH (USAID 2003-2010) Builds of CRMP Works with stakeholders in each target area to develop an ecosystem-based fisheries management program 11/13/2015 25

26. Implementing the Principles Philippines: Governance reform, scaling-up management, and networking FISH (USAID 2003-2010) 11/13/2015 26

27. Scaling-up Sustainable SSF management will result in economic growth that provides jobs, food, and cultural values over the long-term. Sustainable SSF management will reduce humanitarian crises and food insecurity and provide opportunities for nations emerging from conflict and poverty. Investment in governance reform Participatory and equitable SSF management is fundamental to success and sustainable policies. Investment in human resources and technical capacity to undertake and support successful fisheries management efforts. 11/13/2015 27