1. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity

2. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Describe the lymphatic system Define the components of the lymphatic system Outline the function of the lymph nodes Explain what is meant by immunity Identify the causative agents of AIDS List the symptoms of AIDS Describe the modes of AIDS transmission and measures used to prevent its transmission Define the key words that relate to this chapter

3. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymphatic System Supplements the circulatory system Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils There is no muscular pump or heart

4. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue Transports excess tissue fluid Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria Spleen –Produces lymphocytes and monocytes –Acts as a reservoir for blood in case of emergency –Works as a recycling plant, destroying and removing old RBCs, preserving the hemoglobin Thymus gland produces T-lymphocytes

5. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymph Straw colored Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid Composition of lymph –Water, lymphocytes, some granulocytes, oxygen, digested nutrients, hormones, salts, carbon dioxide and urea Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves

6. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymph Vessels Closely parallel the veins Right lymphatic duct Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) Flows in only one direction

7. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymph Nodes Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels Germinal centers –When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated

8. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Tonsils Masses of lymphatic tissue –Produce lymphocytes –Filter out bacteria Three pairs of tonsils –Palatine –Adenoids –Lingual Tonsillitis

9. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Spleen Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm Forms lymphocytes and monocytes Filters out bacteria Stores red blood cells

10. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Thymus Gland Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart Produces T-lymphocytes It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin

11. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Lymph System Lymphadenitis Hodgkin’s disease Infectious mononucleosis

12. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Effects of Aging Decline in immune function Increased risk of infection Decreased ability to fight disease Slowed wound healing

13. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunity When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection Resistance varies at different times

14. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunity Natural immunity –Immunity we are born with Acquired immunity –Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders Passive acquired immunity –Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies Active acquired immunity –Natural acquired immunity results from having had and recovered from the disease –Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations) Immunoglobulin

15. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 Hepatitis B Rotavirus Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis Haemophilus Pneumococcal Inactivated poliovirus Influenza Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella Hepatitis A Meningococcal

16. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis Human papillomavirus Meningococcal Pneumococcal Influenza Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Inactivated poliovirus Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella

17. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations – Adult Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap) Human papillomavirus Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella Influenza Pneumococcal Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Meningococcal

18. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Autoimmunity Autoimmune disorder –When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body Multiple causes can trigger the disorder

19. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Autoimmune Disorders Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Psoriasis Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Type I diabetes mellitus Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus Scleroderma

20. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypersensitivity When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material Allergens Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

21. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning AIDS/HIV A–Acquired –The disease is not inherited I–Immune –Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections D–Deficiency –Lacks cellular immunity S–Syndrome –Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis

22. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning AIDS/HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells Opportunistic infections Three outcomes from infection with HIV –AIDS –AIDS-related complex (ARC) –Asymptomatic infection HIV/AIDS Statistics

23. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Transmission of AIDS Sexual contact Sharing hypodermic needles In utero or at birth

24. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS ELISA Western blot Rapid test

25. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Symptoms of HIV/AIDS Flu-like symptoms More persistent symptoms Opportunistic conditions

26. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Treatment of HIV/AIDS No cure for AIDS Prevention and treatment have prolonged and improved the lives of many –AZT –Protease inhibitors –AIDS cocktail

27. © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Preventing Transmission of HIV/AIDS Limit sexual contacts Have protected sex Do not share needles Clean up soiled materials Cover wounds Standard precautions used by all health care workers