1. Internet Technologies1 RDF These slides were built using modified examples from “XML How To Program” by Deitel, Deitel, Nieto, Lin and Sadhu. The slides also make use of material from “XML Bible” by Elliotte Rusty Harold. In what follows, a “resource” might be a web page, an element in a web page, a device, a person and more.

2. Internet Technologies2 RDF The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a W3C recommendation for an XML encoding of metadata. A standard for encoding metadata is important for finding and describing resources. Card catalogs (with wooden drawers and index cards) have been used for years to record metadata about the collection of materials in the library. An RDF document or element makes statements about resources. A statement can be thought of as an ordered triple composed of three items: (resource, property-type, property-value)

3. Internet Technologies3 RDF (resource, property-type, property-value) It is required that each resource have a URI. http://www.andrew.cmu.edu http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~mm6/my.xml#root().child(1) mailto:mm6@andrew.cmu.edu urn:isbn:0764532367 A property is a specific characteristic, attribute or relationship of a resource. Each property has a specific meaning that can be identified by the property’s name and the associated schema. The schema must actually be pointed to by the property’s namespace. The schema describes the values or value ranges that are permitted for the property.

4. Internet Technologies4 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> Deitel and Associates, Inc. This is the home page of Deitel and Associates, Inc. 2000-5-24 text/html en Deitel and Associates The root element of an RDF document is RDF. Each property of the resource being described is a child element of the Description element. The content of the child is the value of the property. Namespaces are used to distinguish between RDF elements and elements in property types and values. Describing a web site

5. Internet Technologies5 The Dublin Core A collection of elements designed to provide a similar structure as that provided by a card catalog. For example, the following are elements defined in the Dublin Core namespace: TITLE The name given to the resource CREATOR The person or organization that created … SUBJECT The topic of the resource… DESCRIPTION… : In the near future, this Dublin Core “schema” is likely to be encoded with a formal syntax. Perhaps this syntax will be RDF.

6. Internet Technologies6 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> Deitel and Associates, Inc. This is the home page of Deitel and Associates, Inc. 2000-5-24 text/html en Deitel and Associates A single RDF element can contain any number of Description elements. A Description element can state more than one property about a resource. Some properties may be resource valued. For example, suppose Deitel and Associates has an email address…

7. Internet Technologies7 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> Deitel and Associates, Inc. This is the home page of Deitel and Associates, Inc. 2000-5-24 text/html en Deitel and Associates The Creator becomes a resource rather than a literal. This is a resource valued property. Another way to say the same thing is with a resource attribute…

8. Internet Technologies8 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> Deitel and Associates, Inc. This is the home page of Deitel and Associates, Inc. 2000-5-24 text/html en Deitel and Associates

9. Internet Technologies9 RDF Containers An RDF element may describe a resource with multiple properties of the same type. Perhaps a book has several authors or a web page may be found at several sites. RDF defines three types of container objects: Bag – a group of unorderd properties – use li. Seq – a sequence (ordered list) of properties Alt – a list of alternative properties from which to choose a single one Let’s look at a more involved example from Deitel and Deitel…

10. Internet Technologies10 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf = "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc = "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> Home page of Deitel products Deitel and Associates, Inc. Statements can be made about a container as a whole and so we give the container an ID.

11. Internet Technologies11 About our Products The aboutEach attribute applies to each element in the container.

12. Internet Technologies12 Announcements, Oppurtunities and internships at Deitel Associates All about us Books, Multimedia Cyber Classrooms and Complete Training Courses <rdf:Description about = "http://www.deitel.com/services/training/index.htm"> Corporate Training Courses

13. Internet Technologies13 <rdf:Description about = "http://www.deitel.com/announcements/contractors.htm"> Looking for Training Contractors <rdf:Description about = "http://www.deitel.com/announcements/internships.htm"> Internships at Deitel and Associates, Inc. Introduction to Deitel and Associates, Inc. Our location and how to get there

14. Internet Technologies14 The Semantic Web By augmenting web pages with data directed at computers and by adding documents solely for computers, we will transform the web into the Semantic Web. Intuitive software will be developed that will allow anyone to create Semantic Web Pages. For the semantic web to function, computers must have access to structured collections of information and sets of inference rules that can be used to conduct automated reasoning. XML has no built-in mechanism to convey the meaning of the user’s new tags to other users. These notes are from an article entitled “The Semantic Web” by Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila appearing in Scientific American, May 2001

15. Internet Technologies15 The Semantic Web The challenge of the Semantic Web is to provide a language that expresses both data and rules for reasoning about the data and that allows rules from an existing knowledge-representation system to be exported unto the Web. Ontologies: Collections of statements written in a language such as RDF that define the relations between concepts and specify logical rules for reasoning about them. Computers will “understand” the meaning of semantic data on a web page by following links to specified ontologies. Consider the statement “a hex-head bolt is a type of machine bolt”. We could encode this in RDF. When writing code against traditional XML data, the programmer must know what the the document author uses each tag for. Meaning is expressed by RDF, which encodes it in a set of triples.

16. Internet Technologies16 The Semantic Web An RDF document makes assertions that particular things (people, web pages, or whatever) have properties (such as “is sister of”, “is the author of”) with certain values (another person, another Web page). We can remove ambiguity by associating each of the three parts with a URI. For example: “(filed 5 in database A) (is a field of type) (zip code)” could be replaced with three URI’s. An ontology is a document or file that formally defines the relations among terms. An ontology may express a rule “If a city code is associated with a state code, and an address uses that city code, then that address has the associated state code.” A program can then draw conclusions. The meaning of terms or XML codes can be defined by pointers from the page to an ontology.

17. Internet Technologies17 The Semantic Web Many automated web based services already exist without semantics, but other programs such as agents have no way to locate one that will perform a specific function. Service Discovery will happen only when there is a common language to describe a service in a way that lets other agents “understand” both the function offered and how to take advantage of it. Services can advertise their functions in directories analogous to the Yellow Pages. Devices can advertise their abilities with RDF in the form of CC/PP…

18. Internet Technologies18 What is CC/PP? A composite capability/preference profile is a collection of information which describes the capabilities, hardware, system software and applications used by someone accessing the web. Information might include: Preferred language (Spanish, French, etc.) Sound (on/off) Images (on/off) Class of device (phone, PC, printer, etc.) Screen size Available bandwidth Version of HTML supported, and so on.

19. Internet Technologies19 Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP) DEVICE PROFILE CC/PP RDF XML CC/PP provides the equivalent of database fields and associated model for formalizing the device profiles RDF is language which provides a standard way for using XML to represent metadata in the form of properties and relationships of items on the Web. The device profile and user preferences might be stored in a CC/PP repository. CC/PP is in turn an RDF application.

20. Internet Technologies20 The location of the device profile is sent with a request for a Web page. The CC/PP data is accessed and on the basis of the profile, a Web server can choose the right content. This might be a certain XHTML file or perhaps a suitable document would be generated on the fly. A document on the server may refer to its own document profile-describing the required capabilities of its client. The server might match and send or generate and send. Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP) An example:

21. Internet Technologies21 Each variant of the document has a document profile describing the browser support it needs to display it DEVICE PROFILES DOCUMENT PROFILES NEGOTIATE CORRECT CONTENT FOR DEVICES If none of the document variants are suitable, existing document may be transformed by style sheet or tool for the purpose, or new document generated DEVICES RECEIVE RIGHT MARK-UP

22. Internet Technologies22 The CC/PP working group was formed in August 1999. Its mission is to develop an RDF-based framework for the management of device profile information. Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP)

23. Internet Technologies23 The resource description framework is a proposal for representing metadata in XML. Its intended applications include: Providing better search engine capabilities in resource discovery Cataloguing for describing the content and content relationships available at a particular Web site Allowing software agents to share and exchange data More on RDF The RDF data model is that of a directed edge labeled graph. Nodes are called resources and edge labels are called properties. RDF’s syntax is a convention for representing this model in XML.

24. Internet Technologies24 person name age email Alan 42 agb@abc.com This element describes a resource. We are describing two resources in this document with unique ID’s. Alan 42 agb@abc.com An edge in RDF is called a statement. Four statements have been made. 1) resource 001 has property person whose value is resource 002. 2) resource 002 has property name with value Alan. 3) resource 002 has property age with value 42. 4) resource 002 has property email with value agb@abc.com.

25. Internet Technologies25 What is a Resource? A resource can be anything that can have a Uniform Resource Identifier(URI). URIs are a superset of the more common Uniform Resource Locator (URLs), but They can also identify books, elements on a page, television shows, individual People, and more. Thus a resource might be An entire web site (http://www.cmu.edu) A single web page (http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~mm6/index.html) A specific HTML or XML element on a web page (identified with Xpointer) A book (urn:isbn:0764532367) A person(mailto:mm6@andrew.cmu.edu)

26. Internet Technologies26 RDF provides a model for describing resources Resources have properties (attributes or characteristics). RDF defines a resource as any object that is uniquely identifiable by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). The properties associated with resources are identified by property-types. Property-types have corresponding values. Property-types express the relationships of values associated with resources. Values may be atomic in nature (text strings, numbers, etc.) or other resources. A collection of properties that refer to the same resource is called a description. The RDF Data Model

27. Internet Technologies27 Resource 1 Resource 2 Resource 3 PropertyType1 PropertyType3 PropertyType 2PropertyType 4 “Atomic Value” RDF Description

28. Internet Technologies28 Consider the following statements: 1. “The author of Document 1 is John Smith” 2. “John Smith is the author of Document1” To humans, these statements convey the same meaning (that is, John Smith is the author of a particular document). To a machine, however, these are completely different strings. Whereas humans are extremely adept at extracting meaning from differing syntactic constructs, machines remain grossly inept. Using a triadic model of resources, property-types and corresponding values, RDF attempts to provide an unambiguous method of expressing semantics in a machine-readable encoding.

29. Internet Technologies29 Document 1 Author “John Smith” Resource Property Value

30. Internet Technologies30 Document 1 Author Resource Property Value Author_001 Affiliation Name Email “Home, Inc.” “John Smith” “smith@home.com” Each resource must have a unique identifier. Perhaps we want to keep information about the author.

31. Internet Technologies31 An example RDF document (DC is the Dublin Core namespace) John Smith Description keyword meaning resource A property value A property type

32. Internet Technologies32 RDF’s data model extends the graph model in several ways: 1) It has containers which can be bags (sets with duplicates) or sequences (lists). 2) It extends the model with higher order statements. The RDF syntax provides the author with the ability to say things like: John says that the email of resources 002 is agb@abc.com. Here the resource is John, the property is “says”, and its value is another statement or The Library of Congress says resource X is authoritative.