1. 1 Castles Lesson4

2. 2 The First Norman Castles were Motte and Bailey castles The Motte was a manmade mound This was topped by a wood tower or Donjon It was surrounded by a ditch and a courtyard, containing other buildings and this area was called the Bailey.

3. 3 Why? They were quick to build sometimes only taking a couple of weeks To act as a fortified post To provide a base where men, provisions and horses could be housed To overawe and frighten the indigenous population Motte and Bailey Castles provided a base from which the Normans could govern the surrounding district

4. 4 Where were they? They were built on the highest ground in the area They often adjoined Rivers They often overlooked Towns They made use of existing sites of Roman or Saxon forts and Burhs (fortified towns) They overlooked harbours

5. 5 To attack a castle you had to be brave! You had to –withstand constant attack from projectiles - arrows and stones etc –Negotiate the outer ditch and embankment –Storm the gate –Negotiate the defences within the Bailey –Climb, or crawl up, the embankment of the Motte - these were extremely steep and designed so that a horse could not climb it –Take the gate of the Motte –Storm and capture the Tower

6. 6 So if you wanted to win … either you would attack was fire! The timber buildings would burn easily. Or The other form of attack would be to lay siege to the Motte and Bailey Castle.

7. 7 But motte and bailey castles were not built to last! The solution was stone tower castle BUT –they took considerable time to build –they required a significant labour force, –and they were expensive! So the location of the stone castles were carefully chosen for the most advantageous political and military purposes

8. 8 The development of stone castles The wooden building was replaced by a square stone tower called the castle keep – straight walls were easier to build than curved ones The Tower of London was one of the most famous

9. 9 How they were made Any local stone was used including –Hard Chalk –Flint –Limestone –Sandstone The main door was in the wall of the first floor, reached by a wooden staircase, that could easily be knocked down if the enemy approached

10. 10 Once the Keep was built then.. Ditches and banks and outer walls were added. Moats were an added defence feature Limestone was used for the walls ( giving a cream-coloured finish ) The Norman Castle Keep was built as the most protected part of the castle Massive stone Gateways were introduced A Barbican ( a tower or other fortification on the approach to a castle) was erected at the gate

11. 11 Other features The Portcullis - vertical sliding wooden grille shod with iron suspended in front of a gateway designed to protect the gate Arrow loops - A narrow vertical slit to shoot arrows through Crenellations : a notched battlement made up of alternate crenels (openings) and merlons (square sawteeth)

12. 12 Other features Machicolations - a platform sticking out from the battlements with a hole in the floor for dropping missiles Murder Holes - a section between the main gate and a inner portcullis where arrows, rocks, and hot oil could be dropped

13. 13 Within the bailey were Barracks Stables Livestock Other buildings

14. 14 A model of Colchester Castle

15. 15 We will come back and look at exactly how castles were attacked and defended when we look at weapons and warfare later on

16. 16 The problems The one main building was difficult to defend Its square corners were vulnerable King Edward 1 was having problems in Wales (reigned 1272 to 1307)

17. 17 The solution The concentric castle is effectively lots of buildings, walls, towers and gatehouses in one massive castle complex The idea was to make the new Concentric Castles even more secure! Increase the lines of Defence! The Keep or main tower, at the centre of the castle, was the most important building - it housed the Lord, or King of the Castle, his possessions and his family!

18. 18 A model concentric castle

19. 19 A concentric castle contained some or all of A Stronger central Keep or Main Tower, often round in shape A High wall, complete with towers surrounded the Keep and the Inner Bailey At least one lower, outer wall surrounded the Inner High Wall Several Outer Walls and Outer Baileys were often added! Several Gatehouses were featured Moats were added that were crossed by drawbridges

20. 20 And not only did the concentric castle take up more space It was taller too The inner walls were much higher So that there was a good view of the surroundings The round towers meant that it was harder for the enemy to go around the side of a tower

21. 21 Also because they were a lot bigger, there were more people inside The main tower, where the Baron lived was much more comfortable. The walls were panelled with wood There were paintings and murals The outside had carvings and decoration

22. 22 First Floor

23. 23 Ground Floor

24. 24 Castle Life 1 In early castles, life was far from comfortable. The wind whistled through the wooden shutters in the windows and most people slept on benches or on rough mattresses in the great hall. But by 1200s, castles had well furnished bed chambers and living rooms, heated by large open fires and lit by candles.

25. 25 Castle Life 2 A castles were much more than just a fortress. Inside its walls there might have been a magnificent hall, comfortable chambers and a beautiful chapel. A castle was home of its lord, his family and his followers.

26. 26 Castle Life 3 Larger castles had their own fish ponds, orchards and vineyards, as well as gardens which supplied vegetables and herbs. Cattle sheep and pigs were kept on surrounding farm land..

27. 27 Castle Life 4 The great hall was the centre of castle life. On special occasions magnificent banquets were held here. The lord, his family and important guests sat at the high table, which was raised above the other diners and covered with a table cloth of fine linen.

28. 28 Castle Life 5 The Well Almost all castles had a well within their walls. This was essential as a source of water if someone laid siege to the castle. The Kitchen Kitchens were built away from the Keep in case they caught fire. No toilets Castles did not have toilets, instead people sat on wooden seats called 'garderobes'. These were built over a very long chute. Waste from the toilet fell down the chute into the moat.

29. 29 Homework This is called ‘ You ask the questions’ Here are a number of words we used during the lesson I want you to make a quiz using 10 of them as the answers. This is how I want you to write them down (they are like this because I will make a quiz on the wiki of the best of them) Say your answer was castle – then type this for example Question/definition* answer (from the list) It is a defensive building in the Middle Ages*castle Try to keep your question or sentence as short as you can – the game works better that way

30. 30 Homework Here are you words/phrases: motte, bailey, donjon, keep, wood, stone, moat, barbican, portcullis, arrow loop, crenulations, murder hole, concentric, drawbridge, banquet, well, garderobe Take care that your question can only have one answer: for example: A building inside a castle – now that could be donjon or keep So that would be marked wrong as the question has 2 answers ALSO VERY IMPORTANT You can only ask questions that someone who had seen the PowerPoint could answer! So: Someone who is not ill* well Would definitively be wrong! As would, what we make chairs with*wood