1. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai1 Instrumentation for High Energy Physics Experiments B.Satyanarayana Department of High Energy Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

2. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai2 Plan of the talk Introduction Examples of High Energy Physics Experiments Detectors used in HEP experiments What do we measure and how? Building blocks of HEP instrumentation Modular instrumentation standards A couple of case studies New trends and tools for instrumentation design Summary

3. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai3 Energy scales Mass, energy, distance, temperature and time are related quantities. Unit of energy is the electron Volt. Energy gained by an electron in passing through a voltage difference of one volt. Some examples: –Mass of atom : 0.01MeV –Mass of Nucleus : 10MeV –Mass of electron : 0.5MeV –Mass of proton : 1GeV –Mass of Top quark: 175GeV –Accelerators : 2-14TeV –Astrophysics : PeV Wavelength of the probe radiation should be smaller than the object to be resolved.

4. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai4 Aims of HEP experiments What are the elementary constituents of matter? What are the forces that control their behaviour at the most basic level?

5. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai5 A Neutrino Experiment

6. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai6 A Gamma Ray Observatory

7. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai7 A Cosmic Ray experiment

8. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai8 Proton Decay Experiment

9. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai9 An accelerator

10. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai10 An accelerator experiment

11. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai11 HEP instrumentation: The concept

12. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai12 High Energy Physics Detectors Glass mirrors Scintillators Optical fibers Crystals Photo Multiplier Tubes Photo Diodes Gas proportional chambers Drift chambers Calorimeters Glass Spark Chambers Silicon strip detectors Hybrid detectors

13. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai13 Optical mirrors

14. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai14 Scintillator and optical fiber assemblies

15. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai15 Crystals

16. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai16 Photo multipliers and diodes

17. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai17 Gas proportional chambers

18. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai18 Calorimeters

19. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai19 Silicon strip detector

20. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai20 Hybrid detectors

21. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai21 Physics processes Energy loss by the particle Cherenkov radiation Bremsstrahlung Photoelectric effect Compton scattering Pair production

22. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai22 The magic pulse

23. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai23 Measurements Some primary and some derived Light Energy Charge/Current Pulse height/Voltage Relative timing Position/Particle track

24. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai24 Measuring tools Amplifiers and Comparators Analog to Digital Converters Charge to Digital Converters Time to Digital Converters Latches and Registers Memories Logic systems Hybrids

25. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai25 Amplifiers Proton Decay Experiment D0 Experiment

26. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai26 Comparators and Converters Input Output Classic comparator QIE hybrid

27. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai27 Analog/Charge to Digital Converters

28. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai28 Time to Digital Converters

29. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai29 Logic/Trigger systems

30. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai30 Modular Instrumentation Need for standardisation Popular standards: – NIM – CAMAC –VME – Fastbus – GPIB – PCI Barrowed standards from computer and PC domains.

31. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai31 CAMAC standard modules

32. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai32 Simplified concept of HEP instrumentation

33. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai33 Instrumentation of the Neutrino experiment

34. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai34 DAQ system for the Proton Decay experiment

35. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai35 Trigger and DAQ system of an accelerator experiment

36. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai36 Electronics and DAQ system for a CMS detector

37. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai37 Trends in hardware design FPGAs, ASICs and other PLDs High performance design and simulation tools Radiation hard devices Beam tests, bench marking and calibrations Burn-in and vertical splice tests

38. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai38 Trends in data communication

39. October 26, 2002OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai39 Summary “On Zenith Or Nowhere Else” Innovation in design and perfection are the keys Highest levels of reliability under hostile environments (Huge)Team effort is need of the hour Makes perfect challenging careers for young minds