1. Carbon compounds The chemistry of life Read notes under the slides

2. Organic molecules Organic molecules all contain carbon.Organic molecules all contain carbon. Usually bonded to N, H, O, P, S.Usually bonded to N, H, O, P, S. CHNOPS most common 6 elements in organisms.CHNOPS most common 6 elements in organisms. Amino acid: alanine

3. Why Carbon Carbon forms the backbone of the molecule.Carbon forms the backbone of the molecule. Carbon bonds with 1,2, 3, or 4 covalent bonds.Carbon bonds with 1,2, 3, or 4 covalent bonds. Macromolecules are made up of chains of monomers.Macromolecules are made up of chains of monomers. Functional groups give characteristics to the moleculeFunctional groups give characteristics to the molecule Single bonds Triple bonds Double bonds Think: what is an analogy for the relationship between monomers and macromolecules?

4. macromolecules Organisms are made of many types of molecules.Organisms are made of many types of molecules. There are 4 types of macromolecules that are most important to the running of cells.There are 4 types of macromolecules that are most important to the running of cells. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic Acid

5. Condensation reactions Condensation (dehydration) reactions link monomers into polymers.Condensation (dehydration) reactions link monomers into polymers. Hydrolysis breaks polymers into building blocks (monomers).Hydrolysis breaks polymers into building blocks (monomers). Think: why is water needed to break these bonds but not to form them?

6. Monosaccharides “Saccharides” are simple sugars“Saccharides” are simple sugars Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6.Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6. 2 linked form disaccharides.2 linked form disaccharides. –Ex: lactose, sucrose, maltose. –Sugars usually have names that end in “ose” Glucose

7. Carbohydrates Composed of monosaccharides.Composed of monosaccharides. Only: C,H,O.Only: C,H,O. Hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 2:1.Hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 2:1. Used for structure and energy storage.Used for structure and energy storage. Most common polysaccharides:Most common polysaccharides: –Starch –Cellulose which is the most common carbohydrate Plant Cell Walls

8. Amino acids –Carbon atom –Amino group –R group (radical) –Hydrogen

9. polypeptide Dipeptide is a molecule composed of two amino acids.Dipeptide is a molecule composed of two amino acids. Connected by a covalent bond called a peptide bond.Connected by a covalent bond called a peptide bond. Many amino acids hooked together are called a polypeptide.Many amino acids hooked together are called a polypeptide. Four polypeptides of hemoglobin

10. Proteins A protein is a polymer of amino acids.A protein is a polymer of amino acids. 20 different types of amino acids found in nature.20 different types of amino acids found in nature. Proteins are either for structure or enzymes.Proteins are either for structure or enzymes. Composed of C,H,N,O.Composed of C,H,N,O. A large protein such as an enzyme

11. Lipids Lipids are fats They are made of fatty acids and glycerol Lipids are nonpolar which makes them “hydrophobic” which means they don’t mix with water –Fats, oils, and wax are all lipids

12. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids They contain: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base DNA and RNA are important nucleic acids

13. Summary questions (answer in paragraph form) 1.Name each macromolecule and the monomers that form them. 2.What do functional groups do? 3.Why is carbon important? 4.What are the 5 other elements found in macromolecules?