1. Business Statistics Histogram  A histogram is constructed by placing the class boundaries or limits on the Horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis.  Each class is shown on the graph by drawing a rectangle whose base is the class boundary and whose height is the corresponding frequency for the class. 1

2. Business Statistics 2 10 - 20 3 20 - 30 6 30 - 40 5 40 -50 4 50 - 60 2 Histogram Frequency 0 2 4 10 8 Class Frequency 10 20 30 40 50 60 6 4 0 2 No Gaps between rectangle Class boundaries or limits

3. Business Statistics Frequency polygon  Frequency polygon consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the class mid point and the class frequency. 3

4. Business Statistics 4 10 - 20 3 20 - 30 6 30 - 40 5 40 -50 4 50 - 60 2 Frequency polygon Frequency 0 2 4 10 8 Class Frequency 15 25 35 45 55 6 4 0 2 Class midpoints.....

5. Business Statistics 59 Qualitative Data Presentation Pie Chart Qualitative Data Bar Chart Frequency Distribution

6. Business Statistics Guests staying at Hotel were asked to rate the quality of their accommodations as being excellent, above average, average, below average, or poor. The ratings provided by a sample of 20 guests are: Below Average Below Average Above Average Above Average Average Average Above Average Above Average Average Average Above Average Above Average Average Average Above Average Above Average Below Average Below Average Poor Poor Excellent Excellent Above Average Above Average Average Average Above Average Above Average Below Average Below Average Poor Poor Above Average Above Average Average Average Frequency Distribution 60

7. Business Statistics Frequency Distribution RatingsFrequency Poor2 Below Average3 Good5 Above Average9 Excellent1 Total20 7

8. Business Statistics Bar Diagram  A bar diagram is a form of representation in which the frequencies are represented by rectangles separated along the horizontal axis and drawn as bars of convenience width. 8

9. Business Statistics Pie Chart  Pie chart consists of a circle subdivided into sectors, whose areas are proportional to the various parts into which the whole quantity is divided. 9

10. Business Statistics 10 RegionNumber of children Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet 336 1120 1448 560 1265 456 Total5186 Distribution of children (under 5 years) according to region in rural Bangladesh.

11. Business Statistics 11

12. Business Statistics 12 Distribution of children (under 5 years) according to region in rural Bangladesh. RegionNumber of children Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet 336 1120 1448 560 1265 456 23.32 77.75 100.52 38.87 87.81 31.65 Total5186360

13. Business Statistics 13

14. Business Statistics 14 Presenting Data in Array: An Example Raw Data: Yards Produced by 30 Carpet Looms 16.2 15.4 16.0 16.6 15.9 15.8 16.0 16.8 16.9 16.8 15.7 16.4 15.2 15.8 15.9 16.1 15.6 15.9 15.6 16.0 16.4 15.8 15.7 16.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.3 16.0 16.3 Data Array: Daily Production in Yards of 30 Carpet Looms 15.2 15.7 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.4 15.4 15.7 15.9 16.0 16.3 16.6 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.3 16.8 15.6 15.8 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.8 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.9

15. Business Statistics 15 Constructing an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Raw Data: 15.2 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.7 Frequency Distribution Class _ 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Tallies _ // //// //// //// / //// / /// Frequency _ 2 5 11 6 3 30 Relative Frequency 0.07 0.16 0.37 0.20 0.10 1.00 Cumulative Rel. Freq. 0.07 0.23 0.60 0.80 0.90 1.00

16. Business Statistics 16 15.2-15.4 2 15.5-15.7 5 15.8-16.011 16.1-16.3 6 16.4-16.6 3 16.7-16.9 3 Histogram Frequency 0 2 4 6 8 10 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 12 Class Frequency

17. Business Statistics 17 15.2-15.4 2 15.5-15.7 5 15.8-16.011 16.1-16.3 6 16.4-16.6 3 16.7-16.9 3 Histogram Frequency 0 2 4 6 8 10 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.6 16.9 12 Class Frequency 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 17.1

18. Business Statistics 18 Ogive Cumulative Class Frequency < 15.2 0.00 15.2-15.4 0.07 15.5-15.7 0.23 15.8-16.0 0.60 16.1-16.3 0.80 16.4-16.6 0.90 16.7-16.9 1.00 Cumulative Relative Frequency 0 15.2 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.5 16.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1