1. Launch Vehicles and Sensing Technology

2. How Rockets Work Newton's Laws of Motion are:
An object at rest tends to remain at rest
An object in motion tends to remain in motion
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

3. Conservation of Momentum
Newton's Laws are all contained in a more general principle called conservation of momentum.
Momentum is mass times velocity
In a system that is not disturbed from outside, the total momentum stays constant.

4. Conservation of Momentum Means:
If velocity is zero, momentum is zero (Newton's First Law)
If velocity is not zero, and mass doesn't change, then velocity doesn't change (Newton's Second Law)

5. Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third Law
If mass changes somehow, then so does velocity.
If an object is stationary, and flings off mass, the rest of the mass moves in the opposite direction.
The flung off mass has positive momentum, the rest has negative momentum, and the total momentum remains zero (Newton's Third Law).

6. Conservation of Momentum

7. Rockets and Jets
Rockets and jets work according to Newton's Third Law.
They fire mass out at high speed and acquire velocity in the opposite direction.
They do not need something to push against. They move because they are expelling exhaust gases at high speeds.
Tthe rocket or jet is pushing mass away, and the mass is pushing back (equal and opposite reaction.)

8. How Rockets and Jets Differ
Rockets and jets expel mass by burning fuel.
A jet gets the oxygen for combustion from the atmosphere
A rocket carries oxygen in some form with it.
Thus rockets can function outside the Earth's atmosphere; jets can't.

9. Rockets are Mostly Fuel (and Oxygen)
A rocket or jet has to carry all its remaining fuel with it. (And oxygen, if it’s a rocket).
Most of the mass of the Space Shuttle is fuel, and most of that is used to get the remaining fuel off the ground.
The miles-per-gallon fuel economy of the Space Shuttle in its first foot off the ground is pretty terrible!

10. About Orbits and Satellites
Satellites travel elliptical paths with the center of the Earth at one focus (Kepler's First Law)
Inertia causes object to continue moving in a straight line
Gravity pulls object to Earth
Balance between the two = orbit

11. Newton’s Mountain

12. Important Orbits Low vs. High Inclination Almost all are Prograde
Polar Orbits for global coverage
Circular Orbits strongly preferred
Constant altitude
Constant speed
Sun-Synchronous
Geosynchronous

13. About Orbits You do not need to expend fuel to stay in orbit
Satellites need attitude control fuel to correct for atmospheric drag, lunar and solar gravity, etc.
May want thrusters to help maintain orbits
Spin stabilization helps
Once below 200 km, atmospheric braking leads to re-entry

14. Three Pioneers of Rocketry
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ( )
Worked out theoretical problems of spaceflight
Robert Goddard ( )
First Liquid Fuel Rocket
Hermann Oberth ( )
Helped create operational rockets

15. Robert Goddard - First Liquid-Fuel Rocket, 1926

16. The V-1

17. The V-2

18. V-2: Air Force Museum

19. V-2 shrapnel

20. V-2 Components

21. From Sapwood to Sputnik
An existing rocket, the SS-6, was used.
The warhead section was removed
A cluster of four more SS-6 engines was bolted around a central engine
Very Dependable

22. Sputnik I
October 4, 1957
S- (with) + put’ (path) + -nik (one who) = Sputnik
Literally, one who follows the same path

23. Early Rockets, Kennedy Space Center

24. Early Rockets, Huntsville AL

25. Gemini, 1965

26. Sensor Technology Passive (senses only ambient signals)
Active (emits signals)
Imaging
Non-Imaging
Scanning (mechanical or electronic)
Non-scanning

27. The Single Most Valuable Product of the Space Program

28. Crescent Earth

29. Himalayas from Space Shuttle

30. Volcano, Alaska

31. Fringing Reefs

32. Icebergs, Antarctica

33. A Noble Myth
“In my life, I've seen the images from space of a blue-white-green world — there are no political lines drawn on this planet.
Luis J. Rodriguez
“The border between the United States and Mexico is an imaginary line. It cannot be seen from space”
The Border Zone:A History of Trade between the United States and Mexico, Julia Albright; Age of Irony, Winter 2004

34. “You Can’t See Borders From Space”

35. Mexican Border

36. Mexican Border

37. Menominee County, WI

38. U.S.-Canadian Border

39. Landsat View of Green Bay

40. Landsat View of Green Bay

41. Landsat view of Washington D.C.

42. Radar Image of New York City

43. Spy Satellite Views of Soviet Aircraft Carrier

45. Spy Satellite View of Soviet Airfield

46. Sudan Chemical Plant

47. Afghan Terrorist Camp

48. World Trade Center, September 11, 2001

49. And Now For Something Completely Different….

50. Gulf Stream in Infrared

51. Ultraviolet View of Earth

52. The Ocean Floor From Space

53. Earth and Moon Together

54. An Eclipse of the Sun – By Earth